Distribution of the Most Prevalent Spa Types among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus around the World: A Review

Asadollahi, Parisa; Farahani, Narges Nodeh; Mirzaii, Mehdi; Khoramrooz, Seyed Sajjad; Belkum, Alex van; Asadollahi, Khairollah; Dadashi, Masoud; Darban-Sarokhalil, Davood

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00163

Cited by 122 publications

(131 citation statements)

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“…In our study the ten different spa types detected had variable biofilm formation abilities. In agreement with data which indicated t790 as the most common spa type in Iran [33], the present research reports a prevalence of this spa type in 25.3% of isolates. We also found that 790 isolates had a greater propensity to form biofilm compared to other spa types.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Genetic diversity and biofilm formation analysis of Staphylococcus aureus causing urinary tract infections in Tehran, Iran

Goudarzi

Mohammadi

Amirpour

et al. 2019

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Over the past decades, prevalence of biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus strains has significantly increased in urinary tract infections. The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence of biofilm forming and adhesion encoding genes and to analyze distribution of different agr and spa types in S. aureus isolates. Methodology: In the present study, 75 S. aureus isolates obtained from patients with urinary tract infections were examined for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Adhesion, biofilm, and spa encoding genes were detected by PCR screening; agr types were determined using multiplex PCR. Results: Among the 75 isolates, 72% were biofilm producers and 28% were non-biofilm producers. Notably, the ability to produce biofilm was higher among MRSA strains ompared to MSSA strains. The most prevalent biofilm forming gene was icaD (77.3%), followed by icaA (76%), icaB (57.3%) and icaC (50.7%). Adhesion genes clfA, clfB, fnbB, can, fnbA, ebp and bap were detected in 94.7%, 92%, 68%, 64%, 64%, 60% and 5.3% of the isolates, respectively. The spa types t426 and t7789 were found among the non-MDR isolates. It was found that t790, t084, t7789 and t325 spa types were biofilm producers, while t426 and t1339 spa types were non-biofilm producers. Conclusion: Biofilm encoding genes icaD and spa type t790 and agr type III were the most prevalent factors among MDR biofilm producer isolates. The study emphasized that identification of genes and characterization of molecular types involved in biofilm formation should be considered.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Genetic diversity and biofilm formation analysis of Staphylococcus aureus causing urinary tract infections in Tehran, Iran

Goudarzi

Mohammadi

Amirpour

et al. 2019

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…MSSA spa and STs were diverse, as noted in previous studies. [25] However, ST188 and ST5 were the most common MSSA clones, consistent with previous reports of community-associated MSSA among adults and children in China. [26] ST188 virulence has been in part attributed to epithelial cell adhesion and biofilm formation, properties which could facilitate nasal colonization.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Epidemiology ofStaphylococcus aureusin Neonates on Admission to a Chinese Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Geng

et al. 2019

Preprint

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25Purpose: Little is known about the molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in 26 Chinese neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). We describe the molecular epidemiology of S. 27 aureus isolated from neonates on admission to Beijing Children's Hospital. 28 29 Methods: From May 2015-March 2016, nasal swabs were obtained on admission from 536 30 neonates. Cultures were also obtained from body sites with suspected infections. S. aureus 31 isolates were characterized by staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCCmec) type, 32 staphylococcal protein A (spa) type, multilocus sequence type (MLST), sasX gene, antimicrobial 33 susceptibility and cytotoxicity. Logistic regression assessed risk factors for colonization. 34 35Results: Overall, 92 (18%) infants were colonized with S. aureus and 23 (4%) were diagnosed 36 with culture-positive S. aureus infection. Of the colonized infants, 72% harbored MSSA, while 37 74% of infected infants were culture-positive for MRSA. Risk factors for colonization included 38 female sex, age 7-28 days, birthweight and vaginal delivery. The most common MRSA and 39 MSSA clones were community-associated ST59-SCCmecIVa-t437 (60%) and ST188-t189 40 (15%), respectively. The sasX gene was not detected. Some MSSA isolates (16%) were 41 penicillin-susceptible and some MRSA isolates (18%) were oxacillin-susceptible. MRSA and 42 MSSA had similar cytotoxicity, but colonizing strains were less cytotoxic than strains associated 43 with infections. 44 45 Conclusions: S. aureus colonization was common in infants admitted to our NICU and two 46 community-associated clones predominated. Several non-modifiable risk factors for S. aureus 50 51 Key words: Staphylococcus aureus, neonatal intensive care unit, colonization, MRSA, MSSA 52 4 53 54 Staphylococcus aureus infections represent a significant clinical burden for infants worldwide 55 and were recently found to be the second most common cause of late-onset sepsis in very-low 56 birth weight (VLBW) infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in the United 57 States and United Kingdom.[1, 2] Preterm infants are also at high risk for S. aureus 58 colonization[3], a potential risk factor for subsequent infection. In a recent meta-analysis 59 involving patients admitted to NICUs and ICUs, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) 60 colonization was associated with a 24.2 times increased MRSA infection risk.[4] Endemic 61 transmission and outbreaks due to MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) occur 62 frequently in NICUs.[5] Studying the molecular epidemiology and virulence factors of S. aureus 63 in the NICU population can promote an increased understanding of pathogenesis and ultimately 64 guide preventive strategies. 65 66 While the molecular characteristics of and risk factors for S. aureus colonization and infection 67 have been described for NICU populations across the globe and have increased our knowledge of 68 the global burden,[3, 6] no previous reports have described the molecular characteristics of S. 69 aureus strains...

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“…Staphylococcus protein A ( spa ) is implicated in virulence and typing of this gene by identifying the specific repeats in its variable repeat region has historically been used to distinguish between circulating variants of S. aureus during an outbreak. Among our isolates, the two most common spa types are t002 (25 isolates) and t008 (10 isolates) (Table 1), both of which are common types in the United States [41]. JE2 was confirmed as spa type t008 in our analysis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Genotypic and phenotypic diversity ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom cystic fibrosis lung infections and their interactions withPseudomonas aeruginosa

Petit

Raghuram

et al. 2019

Preprint

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20Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common bacteria 21 that infect the respiratory tract of individuals with the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF); in fact, 22S. aureus has recently overtaken P. aeruginosa to become the most common. Substantial 23 research has been performed on the epidemiology of S. aureus in CF; however, there appears 24 to be a gap in knowledge in regard to the pathogenesis of S. aureus in the context of CF lung 25 infections. Most studies have focused on a few S. aureus isolates, often exclusively laboratory 26 adapted strains, and how they are killed by P. aeruginosa. Because of this, little is known about 27 the diversity of S. aureus CF lung isolates in both virulence and interaction with P. aeruginosa. 28To begin to address this gap in knowledge, we recently sequenced 65 clinical S. aureus isolates 29 from the Emory CF Biospecimen Registry and Boston Children's Hospital, including the 30 reference isolate JE2, a USA300 strain. Here, we analyzed antibiotic resistance genotypes, 31 sequence type, clonal complex, spa type, and agr type of these isolates. We hypothesized that 32 major virulence phenotypes of S. aureus that may be associated with CF lung infections, 33 namely toxin production and mucoid phenotype, would be retained in these isolates. To test our 34 hypothesis, we plated on specific agars and found that most isolates can hemolyze both rabbit 35 and sheep blood (67.7%) and produce polysaccharide (69.2%), consistent with virulence 36 retention in CF lung isolates. We also identified three distinct phenotypic groups of S. aureus 37 based on their survival in the presence of nonmucoid P. aeruginosa laboratory strain PAO1 and 38 its mucoid derivative. Altogether, our work provides greater insight into the diversity of S. aureus 39 CF isolates, specifically the distribution of important virulence factors and their interaction with 40 P. aeruginosa, all of which have implications in patient health. 41 42 Author Summary 43Staphylococcus aureus is now the most frequently detected pathogen in the lungs of 44 individuals who have cystic fibrosis (CF), followed closely by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When 45 these two pathogens are found to coinfect the CF lung, patients have a significantly worse 46 prognosis. While P. aeruginosa has been rigorously studied in the context of bacterial 47 pathogenesis in CF, less is known about S. aureus. Here we present an in-depth study of 64 S. 48 aureus CF clinical isolates where we investigated genetic diversity utilizing whole genome 49 sequencing, virulence phenotypes, and interactions with P. aeruginosa. We have found that S. 50 aureus isolated from the CF lung are phylogenetically diverse, most retain known virulence 51 factors, and they vary in interactions with P. aeruginosa from highly sensitive to completely 52 tolerant. Deepening our understanding of how S. aureus responds to its environment and other 53 microbes in the CF lung will enable future development of effective treatments and preventative 54 measures agains...

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Distribution of the Most Prevalent Spa Types among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus around the World: A Review

Cited by 122 publications

References 266 publications

Genetic diversity and biofilm formation analysis of Staphylococcus aureus causing urinary tract infections in Tehran, Iran

Genetic diversity and biofilm formation analysis of Staphylococcus aureus causing urinary tract infections in Tehran, Iran

Epidemiology ofStaphylococcus aureusin Neonates on Admission to a Chinese Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Genotypic and phenotypic diversity ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom cystic fibrosis lung infections and their interactions withPseudomonas aeruginosa

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