Distribution of the High-Affinity Binding Site and Intracellular Target of Botulinum Toxin Type A in the Human Bladder

Synaptic Vesicle Protein 2 (SV2) Isoforms

“…The role of SV2 in breast cells could be associated to secretory nature of mammary glands, and may interact with other vesicle proteins such as synaptobrevin, which is essential for secretion but not for the development of synaptic process (Ahnert-Hilger et al, 1996), however, the SV2 role in cancer is not clear, although it is already reported in others types of cancer, for instance, brain (de Groot et al, 2010;, pancreas (Jakobsen et al, 2002), gastrointestinal tract (Jakobsen et al, 2002;Bumming et al, 2007 ), liver (Hanoun et al, 2010), bladder (Coelho et al, 2010), prostate (Karsenty et al, 2009) and adrenals (Li et al, 1999) tumors among others, where SV2 has already been proposed as molecular and transdifferentiation marker of neural nature (Nilsson et al, 2004;Zhang et al, 2010). This is possible because in the cancerous state the terminal differentiation to the anticipated cellular type is altered and the phenomena of lineage infidelity that is associated with the ability of cancer cells to transdifferentiate, occurs in different cancer types and occur in breast cancer (Zhang et al, 2010); thus, it is a commune phenomenon that cancer cell turns-off/-on non-habitual genes changing the ontogeny to evade the immune system and hold the linage independence.…”

“…In Mexico, BCa presents an increase in mortality ratio without plenty knows of cause (McPherson et al, 2000). In the mechanisms that lead to development and immunologic evasion of the cancer, the modification of molecular expression pattern is important where the vesicle traffic can play an important role in superficial molecular expression and transduction regulation that result in apoptosis evasion (Chan and Giaccia, 2007;Choi et al, 2007;Gillies and Gatenby, 2007;Lukashev et al, 2007;Coelho et al, 2010).…”

“…The toxin is internalized after binding a highaffinity receptor, synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2), which is exposed in the cell membrane during the exocytosis process. In the cytoplasm, BoNTA cleaves specific sites of synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25), preventing the assembly of the synaptic fusion complex SNARE and blocking exocytosis (Simpson, 1979;Chancellor et al, 2008;Coelho et al, 2010). Thus, BoNTA inhibits the growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo (Karsenty et al, 2009).…”

“…The presence of secretory vesicles is characteristic in synaptic (de Groot et al, 2010;, gastric (Bumming et al, 2007), pancreatic (Jakobsen et al, 2002), adrenal (Li et al, 1999) and prostatic (Karsenty et al, 2009) cells which synaptic vesicular receptor (SV) play an important role in exocytosis and secretory process of synaptic (de Groot et al, 2010) and endocrine cells, (Dong et al, 2006;Coelho et al, 2010), but when cancer occurs this protein tends to overexpress in brain (de Groot et al, 2010), neuroendocrine (Portela-Gomes et al, 2000), gastrointestinal (Bumming et al, 2007) and prostate (Karsenty et al, 2009) is not clear neither it has been reported in breast cells, but its role as molecular marker of cancer in others organs and tissues has been increasing in recent years (Portela-Gomes et al, 2000;Zhang et al, 2010).…”

Šlapinimosi sutrikimai po stuburo traumų ir jų gydymas botulino toksino A endovezikinėmis injekcijomis

“…Sinapsėje neuromediatorių prisipildžiusios pūslelės sąveikauja su plazmine membrana ir mediatoriai išleidžiami egzocitozės būdu. Botulino toksino veikimas blokuoja labai specifinį acetilcholino išsiskyrimą somatinių ir autonominių presinapsinių nervinių galūnėlių ląstelių sinapsėse [34]. Normaliam pasišlapinimui parasimpatiniai postgangliniai nervai atpalaiduoja acetilcholiną neuroraumeninėje sinapsėje, acetilcholinas jungiasi su M2 ir M3 muskarininiais receptoriais šlapimo pūslės detruzoriaus raumenyje ir jis susitraukia [12].…”