Distribution of the exfoliative toxin D gene in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in France

Yamada, Osamu; Tristan, Anne; Yamaguchi, Takayuki; Sugai, Motoyuki; Lina, Gérard; Bes, Michèle; Vandenesch, François; Étienne, Jérôme

doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01410.x

Cited by 51 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Detection of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-encoding genes (lukS-PV and lukF-PV) and the exfoliative toxin D gene (etd) was performed by PCR as previously described (7,49). A multiplex PCR was used for detection of the tst, eta, and etb genes, encoding staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, exfoliative toxin A, and exfoliative toxin B, respectively (27).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of European Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 80 Type IV Strains Isolated in Denmark from 1993 to 2004

et al. 2008

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In Europe, community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections have been caused predominantly by isolates belonging to the "European CA-MRSA" clone (sequence type 80, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV). In this study, the epidemiology of European CA-MRSA was investigated on a nationwide scale, covering the period from 1993 to 2004. Denmark has been a low-prevalence country regarding MRSA since the mid-1970s but has experienced an increase in the number of new MRSA cases in recent years. Our results show that European CA-MRSA contributed to this increase. The isolates primarily caused skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in patients outside hospitals, and transmission between household members was the predominant mode of spread. Although some of the isolates were found in hospitalized patients, nosocomial transmission seemed likely in only one instance, pointing to endogenous infections as an important factor. Compared to the CA-MRSA clone most common in the United States (USA300), the European CA-MRSA clone seems less well adapted to persist in hospital environments. Patients with a recent history of travel or family relation to the Mediterranean or Middle East were highly overrepresented. The epidemiological data indicated that the European CA-MRSA isolates were introduced into Denmark on multiple occasions, paralleled by an increasing level of genetic diversity of the isolates found during the study period. European CA-MRSA has previously been described as a rather uniform clone. However, we found pronounced, diverse pulsed-field gel electrophoresis subtypes, staphylococcal protein A gene (spa) types, and susceptibility patterns.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of European Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 80 Type IV Strains Isolated in Denmark from 1993 to 2004

et al. 2008

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“…The determinants most likely to be specific for particular caMRSA clones were selected from the literature as well as from published genomes (23,36). The following determinants were chosen for amplification by a multiplex approach: the enterotoxin H gene (seh) as a marker for caMRSA of clonal lineage ST1/USA400 (12,30), the arginine deiminase gene (arcA) as part of the ACME (arginine catabolic mobile element) cluster for ST8/t008/USA300 (6,9), and the gene for exfoliative toxin D (etd) for European caMRSA clones of ST80 (42,43). In addition, the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene (lukPV) was selected as a marker as it is often epidemiologically associated with the caMRSA clones prevalent in Central Europe and the United States (1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplex PCR for Rapid Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Suspected to Represent Community-Acquired Strains

et al. 2008

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The continuous spread of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (caMRSA) and the introduction of these highly virulent isolates into hospitals represent increasing threats. The timely recognition of caMRSA strains is crucial for infection control purposes. Thus, we developed a PCR-based assay for the easy and rapid determination of those caMRSA clones that currently are the most prevalent in Germany and Central Europe. This assay was able to correctly identify the majority of the isolates as caMRSA of sequence type 80 (ST80), clonal complex 1 (USA400), and ST8 (USA300). In combination with spa typing-BURP (based upon repeat pattern) analysis and resistance typing, it provides a means for the extensive characterization of suspicious isolates. Thus, this assay represents a reliable tool for monitoring the emergence and spread of different caMRSA clones. The resulting information, in combination with careful interpretation of the epidemiological records, might help to prevent the further spread of those highly virulent caMRSA clones.

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“…Six sets of multiplex PCRs were established, partially based on published protocols, to amplify (i) sea, seh, sec, and tst; (ii) sed, etd, eta, and sek; (iii) see, seb, sem, sel, and seo; (iv) sen, seg, seq, and sej; (v) sei, ser, seu, and sep; and (vi) agr-1 to -4 (see Table S1 in the supplemental material). Primer pairs for detection of sea to see, seh, sem, seo, tst, eta, etd, the PVL locus, and agr-1 to -4 were previously described (27,28,35,66). Primers for seg, sei, and sej were modified from published primer sequences (42), and primers for sel, sek, sen, sep, seq, ser, and seu were designed for this study (see Table S1 in the supplemental material).…”

Section: Fig 2 Clonal Relationships Of Pomeranian Cc30 Isolates Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clonal Distribution of Superantigen Genes in ClinicalStaphylococcus aureusIsolates

et al. 2007

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Staphylococcus aureus is both a successful human commensal and a major pathogen. The elucidation of the molecular determinants of virulence, in particular assessment of the contributions of the genetic background versus those of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), has proved difficult in this variable species. To address this, we simultaneously determined the genetic backgrounds (spa typing) and the distributions of all 19 known superantigens and the exfoliative toxins A and D (multiplex PCR) as markers for MGEs. Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strains from Pomerania, 107 nasal and 88 blood culture isolates, were investigated. All superantigenencoding MGEs were linked more or less tightly to the genetic background. Thus, each S. aureus clonal complex was characterized by a typical repertoire of superantigen and exfoliative toxin genes. However, within each S. aureus clonal complex and even within the same spa type, virulence gene profiles varied remarkably. Therefore, virulence genes of nasal and blood culture isolates were separately compared in each clonal complex. The results indicated a role in infection for the MGE harboring the exfoliative toxin D gene. In contrast, there was no association of superantigen genes with bloodstream invasion. In summary, we show here that the simultaneous assessment of virulence gene profiles and the genetic background increases the discriminatory power of genetic investigations into the mechanisms of S. aureus pathogenesis.

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Distribution of the exfoliative toxin D gene in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in France

Cited by 51 publications

References 16 publications

Epidemiology of European Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 80 Type IV Strains Isolated in Denmark from 1993 to 2004

Epidemiology of European Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 80 Type IV Strains Isolated in Denmark from 1993 to 2004

Multiplex PCR for Rapid Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Suspected to Represent Community-Acquired Strains

Clonal Distribution of Superantigen Genes in ClinicalStaphylococcus aureusIsolates

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