Distribution of the blood flow supplied by the vertebral artery in humans as assessed by emission CT.

Taki, Waro; Handa, H; Higa, Toshinobu; Tanada, Shuji; Fukuyama, Hidenao; Fujita, Toshio; Yonekawa, Yasuhiro; Kameyama, Masakuni; Torizuka, K

doi:10.1161/01.str.15.3.469

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Unfortunately, existing data on patterns of VA perfusion in humans is rather limited. Furthermore, anatomic atlases (1, 2), experimental or computational models (3–5), and invasive in vivo perfusion studies in small samples (6, 7) are inconsistent regarding the patterns of VA supply to the brain. This controversy suggests a role for noninvasive, in vivo imaging of VA perfusion territories, which can potentially be applied in large numbers of healthy subjects without placement of a flow‐disrupting arterial catheter.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mapping of vertebral artery perfusion territories using arterial spin labeling MRI

Kansagra

Wong

2008

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Purpose: To demonstrate the use of a noninvasive arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI technique and evaluate vertebral artery (VA) territories in the brain. Materials and Methods:Vessel-encoded ASL was used to determine the territories of the left and right VAs in five healthy subjects. Territory maps were analyzed quantitatively by comparing the fractional contributions of the left and right VAs in selected regions of interest within the brain.Results: VA territory maps demonstrated a complicated pattern of perfusion to the posterior aspect of the brain, but were consistent with the posterior cerebral and cerebellar artery distributions. Cerebellar perfusion was predominantly ipsilateral (P Ͻ 0.01). The total left and right VA contributions were unequal (P Ͻ 0.01), and there was relatively little mixing in the vertebrobasilar system. Conclusion:Vessel-encoded ASL can reveal individual VA territories in the brain. In a small sample of healthy volunteers the VAs appeared to contribute unequally, provide predominantly ipsilateral supply to the cerebellum, and undergo minimal mixing in the basilar artery.

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confidence: 99%

Mapping of vertebral artery perfusion territories using arterial spin labeling MRI

Kansagra

Wong

2008

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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“…There have been few reports of hemodynamic studies of the human VBA system, 14,26) due to the anatomical difficulties in approaching the VBA system, and the lack of appropriate methods to investigate the hemodynamics of the VBA system.…”

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confidence: 99%

Intraoperative Hemodynamic Measurements of the Vertebral Artery and Common Carotid Artery

Okada

Shima

Nishida

et al. 2004

Neurol. Med. Chir.(Tokyo)

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The hemodynamics in the vertebrobasilar artery (VBA) system were investigated in patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI). Vertebral artery (VA) stump pressure and blood flows in the VA and common carotid artery (CCA) were intraoperatively measured in 45 patients who underwent surgical correction of the first segment of the VA (V 1 ) for angiographic tortuosity, kinking, and/or stenosis manifesting as symptomatic VBI. The effects of changes in the systemic arterial blood pressure (SABP) induced by trimethaphan, phenylephrine, and cervical epidural anesthesia were also investigated. The VA stump pressure was 79.3 ± 13.6 (mean ± SD) mmHg and the ratio of the VA stump pressure to the SABP was 0.87 ± 0.08. The baseline values were SABP 90.5 ± 10.1 mmHg, VA blood flow 53.4 ± 33.0 ml/min, and CCA blood flow 204.3 ± 50.3 ml/min. During changes in the SABP, autoregulation of the blood flow in the VA appeared tighter than in the CCA. During cervical epidural anesthesia, blood flows in both the VA and CCA were significantly reduced in response to SABP reduction. This study demonstrated that the VBA system maintains excellent autoregulation with good collateral flows and cervical sympathetic nerve function. However, this autoregulatory capacity may be overwhelmed by unexpected occlusion of the VA due to postural changes associated with tortuosity, kinking, and/or stenosis of the V 1 segment.

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Diirected Drug Distribution: Adding Controlled Brain Activity to a Drug

Myslobodsky

Weiner

1988

International Journal of Neuroscience

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Environmental factors can alter the state of an organism so as to influence the response to drugs. This fact is widely recognized even though the responsible mechanisms are difficult to understand and control. The capacity of environmental influences to alter local drug pharmacokinetics is rarely considered. Drug localization and resulting action within the brain are influenced by vascular blood flow factors, local concentration differences in competing neurohumours, and receptor density. These are all frequently asymmetrically represented in the brain and drug effects are correspondingly laterality dependent. Attention to regional brain pharmacokinetics and the influence of environment on regional blood flow, local neurohumor concentration, and receptor density represents an untapped opportunity to enhance the desired effect of a centrally active drug at its site of action without enhancing general systemic toxicity. Combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy may result in superior therapeutic responses. Psychotherapy is a potential tool deliberately to manipulate environmental factors that influence physiological and physical chemical parameters that determine drug disposition.

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Distribution of the blood flow supplied by the vertebral artery in humans as assessed by emission CT.

Cited by 3 publications

References 9 publications

Mapping of vertebral artery perfusion territories using arterial spin labeling MRI

Mapping of vertebral artery perfusion territories using arterial spin labeling MRI

Intraoperative Hemodynamic Measurements of the Vertebral Artery and Common Carotid Artery

Diirected Drug Distribution: Adding Controlled Brain Activity to a Drug

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