Distribution of the Bay Checkerspot Butterfly, Euphydryas editha bayensis: Evidence for a Metapopulation Model

Harrison, Susan; Murphy, Dennis D.; Ehrlich, Paul R.

doi:10.1086/284858

Cited by 349 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…It is easy to see why we must be concerned with spatial variation in migration rates and population sizes, especially if we consider a common variant of population structure, source-sink metapopulations (Harrison et al, 1988;Pulliam, 1988;Dias, 1996;Gaggiotti & Smouse, 1996;Whitlock & Ingvarsson, in prep.). Imagine the case where some populations (sinks) are not capable of sustaining themselves without immigration from other populations of higher reproductive capacity (sources).…”

Section: All Populations Are Created Equal With a Constant Number Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect measures of gene flow and migration: FST≠1/(4Nm+1)

1999

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The difficulty of directly measuring gene flow has lead to the common use of indirect measures extrapolated from genetic frequency data. These measures are variants of FST, a standardized measure of the genetic variance among populations, and are used to solve for Nm, the number of migrants successfully entering a population per generation. Unfortunately, the mathematical model underlying this translation makes many biologically unrealistic assumptions; real populations are very likely to violate these assumptions, such that there is often limited quantitative information to be gained about dispersal from using gene frequency data. While studies of genetic structure per se are often worthwhile, and FST is an excellent measure of the extent of this population structure, it is rare that FST can be translated into an accurate estimate of Nm.

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Section: All Populations Are Created Equal With a Constant Number Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect measures of gene flow and migration: FST≠1/(4Nm+1)

1999

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“…It feeds on two annual host genera, Plantago and Castilleja. Two metapopulations have been studied, one that is now extinct at the Stanford University Reserve at Jasper Ridge (Ehrlich 1961(Ehrlich , 1965Labine 1968;Singer 1972;Harrison et al 1991;McLauglin et al 2002a,b) and a much larger, still extant metapopulation at Morgan Hill (Harrison et al 1988;Weiss et al 1988;Cushman et al 1994;Hellmann 2002). At both sites, some habitat patches contained only Plantago, while others contained both hosts growing intermingled.…”

Section: Evidence For Asynchrony As a Historic Stable Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Phenological asynchrony between herbivorous insects and their hosts: signal of climate change or pre-existing adaptive strategy?

Singer

Parmesan

2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

267

241

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Climate change alters phenological relations between interacting species. We might expect the historical baseline, or starting-point, for such effects to be precise synchrony between the season at which a consumer most requires food and the time when its resources are most available. We synthesize evidence that synchrony was not the historical condition in two insect -plant interactions involving Edith's checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas editha), the winter moth (Operophtera brumata) and their host plants. Initial observations of phenological mismatch in both systems were made prior to the onset of anthropogenically driven climate change. Neither species can detect the phenology of its host plants with precision. In both species, evolution of life history has involved compromise between maximizing fecundity and minimizing mortality, with the outcome being superficially maladaptive strategies in which many, or even most, individuals die of starvation through poor synchrony with their host plants. Where phenological asynchrony or mismatch with resources forms the starting point for effects of anthropogenic global warming, consumers are particularly vulnerable to impacts that exacerbate the mismatch. This vulnerability likely contributed to extinction of a well-studied metapopulation of Edith's checkerspot, and to the skewed geographical pattern of population extinctions underlying a northward and upward range shift in this species.

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“…Therefore, the presence of a strong, metapopulation dynamics-associated rescue effect for dung beetles, birds, and plants within scales of 2-4.5 km 2 in Tembe and Sileza cannot be ruled out without having quantified the immigration and extinction dynamics of these taxa. Very little evidence exists in the literature in support of plant or vertebrates exhibiting metapopulation dynamics (Pfister 1988, Gotelli and Kelley 1993, Harrison et al 1995, Scheiner and Rey-Benayas 1997, and only some evidence has been found for insect species (e.g., Harrison et al 1988, Kindvall and Ahlén 1992, Hanski 1994, but see Gaston and Lawton 1989). Birds, for e.g., appear unlikely to exhibit metapopulation dynamics because the dispersal ranges of the vast majority of species are so large .…”

Section: The Shape Of Occupancy Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing Generalities in the Shape of Patch Occupancy Frequency Distributions

Rensburg

McGeoch

Matthews³

et al. 2000

Ecology

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Abstract. Bimodal patch occupancy frequency distributions regularly appear in studies of a variety of taxa at a variety of spatial scales. Metapopulation models associated with the core-satellite hypothesis and a strong rescue effect predict the occurrence of this bimodality. However, there have been numerous other explanations, both artifactual and biological, of bimodality in patch occupancy frequency distributions. One approach to a better understanding of the phenomenon is to conduct studies on a variety of taxa and spatial scales. Here we examine patterns of patch occupancy frequency distributions for plants, dung beetles, and birds at four spatial scales in sand forest and mixed woodland in Tembe Elephant Park and Sileza Nature Reserve in South Africa. We then examine the predictions of each alternative mechanism proposed to explain bimodality with respect to the patterns found in this study. The incidence of bimodality was high. Little evidence was found for any of the artifactual or nonmetapopulation-based explanations of bimodality. Although there were no between-taxon differences in the shape of occupancy distributions, there was a clear trend of decreasing frequency of bimodality with an increase in the size of the area examined. The general shape of range-size frequency distributions in combination with an area effect is suggested as a mechanism underlying this pattern. Metapopulation dynamics associated with a strong rescue effect could also not be excluded as a possible mechanism playing a role in generating the bimodality found at the patch scale.

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Distribution of the Bay Checkerspot Butterfly, Euphydryas editha bayensis: Evidence for a Metapopulation Model

Cited by 349 publications

References 26 publications

Indirect measures of gene flow and migration: FST≠1/(4Nm+1)

Indirect measures of gene flow and migration: FST≠1/(4Nm+1)

Phenological asynchrony between herbivorous insects and their hosts: signal of climate change or pre-existing adaptive strategy?

Testing Generalities in the Shape of Patch Occupancy Frequency Distributions

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