Distribution of terbuthylazine and atrazine residues in crop-cultivated soil: The effect of herbicide application rate on herbicide persistence

Stipičević, Sanja; Galzina, Natalija; Udiković-Kolić, Nikolina; Jurina, Tamara; Mendaš, Gordana; Dvoršćak, Marija; Petrić, Ines; Barić, Klara; Drevenkar, Vlasta

doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.06.018

Cited by 40 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…All of the above means that it is more persistent in the environment. This has been confirmed by our previous comparative field study (11), when TBA residues were measurable in the uppermost 60 cm of soils even after 17 months of application, while atrazine residues persisted only 5 months. Because of this persistence, TBA may present a similar environmental concern as atrazine (4,12).…”

supporting

confidence: 85%

“…Biodegradation of TBA into DET in slightly alkaline soil rich in humus is a significant route of TBA dissipation in soil, especially in the warm months. Our earlier microcosm study of TBA degradation in native and sterilised agricultural silty clay loam soil showed a negligible effect of hydrolysis on TBA dissipation (11). DET was found in all soil samples, but the upper layers had two to four times higher levels than the deeper layers.…”

Section: Tba and Det Distribution In Soil After Regular And Double-thmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…The injected sample volume was 0.1 mL, the mobile phase for gradient elution consisted of acetonitrile and 0.01 mol L -1 phosphate buffer (pH 7), and the flow rate was 1 mL min -1 . We followed the procedure as described in detail in our earlier study (11). The average recoveries were 83±6 % for TBA and 93±5 % for DET.…”

Section: Analytical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dissipation dynamics of terbuthylazine in soil during the maize growing season

Stipičević

Mendaš

Dvoršćak

et al. 2017

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Ever since terbuthylazine (TBA) replaced atrazine in herbicide crop treatment, its much greater persistence has raised considerable environmental concern. The aim of our field experiment was to establish the dissipation dynamics of TBA and its degradation product desethylterbuthylazine (DET) in soil over five months of maize growth. We applied TBA as part of pre-emergent treatment in the regular and double-the-regular amounts. Soil samples were collected periodically at the following depths: 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, and 30-50 cm. For TBA and DET soil residue analysis we used microwave-assisted extraction with methanol, followed by HPLC-UV/DAD. Regardless of the application rate, more than 80 % of the applied TBA dissipated from the first 50 cm of soil in the two months after herbicide application and 120 mm of rainfall. Three months later (at maize harvest), less than 4 % of total TBA remained in the soil, mostly in the top 20 cm rich with organic carbon on which TBA is likelier to adsorb. The loss of TBA from soil coincided with the rise in DET, especially the top soil layers, during the periods of low rainfall and highest soil temperatures. This points to biodegradation as the main route of TBA dissipation in humic soils. The applied amount had no significant effect on TBA dissipation in the top (humic) layers, but in the layers with less than 1 % of organic carbon, it was higher when the doublethe-regular dose was applied.

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supporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Tba and Det Distribution In Soil After Regular And Double-thmentioning

confidence: 66%

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Dissipation dynamics of terbuthylazine in soil during the maize growing season

Stipičević

Mendaš

Dvoršćak

et al. 2017

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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“…They are often applied directly to the soil. Their persistence and behaviour in a soil environment depend on an herbicide's physical and chemical properties as well as on the soil type, climate conditions and environmental characteristics Stipičević et al 2009;Mudhoo and Garg 2011;Stipičević et al 2015). The environmental distribution of herbicides and the potential risks they may cause to the environment are determined by the herbicide's water solubility, lipophilicity, vapour pressure, as well as by the rate and mode (photochemical, microbiological) of degradation (Stamper and Touvinen 1998;Konstantinou et al 2001;Navarro et al 2004;Udiković Kolić et al 2007;Shankar et al 2008;Krutz et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbicide micropollutants in surface, ground and drinking waters within and near the area of Zagreb, Croatia

Fingler

Mendaš

Dvoršćak

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The frequency and mass concentrations of 13 herbicide micropollutants (triazines, phenylureas, chloroacetanilides and trifluralin) were investigated during 2014 in surface, ground and drinking waters in the area of the city of Zagreb and its suburbs. Herbicide compounds were accumulated from water by solid-phase extraction using either octadecylsilica or styrene-divinylbenzene sorbent cartridges and analysed either by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-diode array detector or gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Atrazine was the most frequently detected herbicide in drinking (84 % of samples) and ground (61 % of samples) waters in mass concentrations of 5 to 68 ng L. It was followed by metolachlor and terbuthylazine, the former being detected in 54 % of drinking (up to 15 ng L) and 23 % of ground (up to 100 ng L) waters, and the latter in 45 % of drinking (up to 20 ng L) and 26 % of ground (up to 25 ng L) water samples. Acetochlor was the fourth most abundant herbicide in drinking waters, detected in 32 % of samples. Its mass concentrations of 107 to 117 ng L in three tap water samples were the highest of all herbicides measured in the drinking waters. The most frequently (62 % of samples) and highly (up to 887 ng L) detected herbicide in surface waters was metolachlor, followed by terbuthylazine detected in 49 % of samples in mass concentrations of up to 690 ng L, and atrazine detected in 30 % of samples in mass concentrations of up to 18 ng L. The seasonal variations in herbicide concentrations in surface waters were observed for terbuthylazine, metolachlor, acetochlor, chlortoluron and isoproturon with the highest concentrations measured from April to August.

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“…The manufacturer wrote, regarding the herbicide terbuthylazine (TBA), "TBA may be a bit more potent than atrazine, lower doses cause same effects" and commented that terbuthylazine caused an "increase in mammary tumors" and an "increase in testicular tumors" (Syngenta, 2004). In addition, terbuthylazine can persist in soils three times as long as atrazine (Stipicevic et al, 2015 (Aviv, 2014). The problem is that the cost of these chemicals is paid by wildlife and individuals from low income and minority populations, while the benefits are reaped by others.…”

Section: The Future and Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From silent spring to silent night: Agrochemicals and the anthropocene

Hayes

Hansen

2017

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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Hayes, TB and Hansen, M 2017 From silent spring to silent night: Agrochemicals and the anthropocene. Elem Sci Anth, 5: 57, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.246 IntroductionWe are in the Anthropocene and likely experiencing the Earth's sixth mass extinction. The current mass extinction is the first to be caused by a single species, humans. Chemical contaminants in the environment, especially pesticides, are playing an important role in the Anthropocene. Over 85,000 synthetic chemicals exist today (USEPA, 2014, USEPA, 2016b, NIH, 2014. These chemicals represent compounds used in every aspect of life and can end up in the environment (air, water, soil, and biological tissues). Even personal care products and personal use chemicals (such as pharmaceuticals) can persist in the environment ( Yamamoto et al., 2009, D'Abrosca et al., 2008. Although there are many sources and types of chemicals in the environment, pesticides are a significant concern because they are applied directly in the environment in large amounts, particularly by the agricultural industry. Pesticides are defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as: "any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest; any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant, or any nitrogen stabilizer" (USEPA, 2015c) and include herbicides, fungicides, nematocides, rodenticides, and agents to kill bacteria and viruses. Over the last 75 years, the use of pesticides has increased dramatically and continues to increase. Approximately 2.3 billion kilograms of pesticides are used annually worldwide with the U.S. alone accounting for over 0.45 billion kilograms per year (Alavanja, 2009, USEPA, 2017, USEPA, 2015b. Here, we review evidence that pesticides have altered the gene pool of target organisms and through direct toxic effects and so-called "low dose" effects (effects below concentrations considered safe) have altered landscapes and populations globally REVIEWFrom silent spring to silent night: Agrochemicals and the anthropocene Tyrone B. Hayes * and Martin Hansen *, †We are now living in the Anthropocene, the first time in Earth's history when synthetic chemicalscreated by humans-are damaging the planet and contributing to a major loss of biodiversity. Pesticides are a particular problem in this regard. Agricultural practices changed dramatically following World War II.Methods for the production of nitrogen for manufacturing explosives were adapted for use as fertilizer in agriculture. Further, chemicals used to combat insect vectors for disease during World War II were adapted for the control of insect pests in agriculture. Eventually, herbicides used as defoliants to destroy food supplies and aid in combating soldiers using forests as cover, were customized to control weeds in agriculture. The heavy use of pesticides in agriculture has resulted in global exposure to these chemicals. Travelling through water, air, and in migrating animals, pes...

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Distribution of terbuthylazine and atrazine residues in crop-cultivated soil: The effect of herbicide application rate on herbicide persistence

Cited by 40 publications

References 32 publications

Dissipation dynamics of terbuthylazine in soil during the maize growing season

Dissipation dynamics of terbuthylazine in soil during the maize growing season

Herbicide micropollutants in surface, ground and drinking waters within and near the area of Zagreb, Croatia

From silent spring to silent night: Agrochemicals and the anthropocene

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