Distribution of Practice in Motor Skill Acquisition: Learning and Performance Effects Reconsidered

Lee, Timothy D.; Genovese, Elizabeth D.

doi:10.1080/02701367.1988.10609373

Cited by 195 publications

(154 citation statements)

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“…Meta-analytic reviews indicate that distributed training results in a better retention of motor skills than massed training. However, the authors of the reviews also state that the magnitude of the distributed practice effect depends highly on the tasks trained [11]. Furthermore, the skills studied in the mentioned reviews involved simple motor behavior, and not the less intuitive skills involved in endoscopic surgery (e.g., disturbed eye-hand coordination).…”

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“…With the reduced trainee working hours and the increased pressure on the use of health care facilities, training time needs to be used efficiently. It is therefore important to know how long students should train, when they should train, and what influence different training schedules has on the performance.The effect of different training schedules with respect to their distribution has been studied in other fields such as psychology and neuroscience [1,4,11]. Distributed training refers to a practice schedule in which periods of training are interspersed with rest periods.…”

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“…The effect of different training schedules with respect to their distribution has been studied in other fields such as psychology and neuroscience [1,4,11]. Distributed training refers to a practice schedule in which periods of training are interspersed with rest periods.…”

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The influence of different training schedules on the learning of psychomotor skills for endoscopic surgery

et al. 2007

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Background: Psychomotor skills for endoscopic surgery can be trained with virtual reality simulators. Distributed training is more effective than massed training, but it is unclear whether distributed training over several days is more effective than distributed training within 1 day. This study aimed to determine which of these two options is the most effective for training endoscopic psychomotor skills. Methods: Students with no endoscopic experience were randomly assigned either to distributed training on 3 consecutive days (group A, n = 10) or distributed training within 1 day (group B, n = 10). For this study the SIMENDO virtual reality simulator for endoscopic skills was used. The training involved 12 repetitions of three different exercises (drop balls, needle manipulation, 30 o endoscope) in differently distributed training schedules. All the participants performed a posttraining test (posttest) for the trained tasks 7 days after the training. The parameters measured were time, nontarget environment collisions, and instrument path length. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups in the first training session for all the parameters. In the posttest, group A (training over several days) performed 18.7% faster than group B (training on 1 day) (p = 0.013). The collision and path length scores for group A did not differ significantly from the scores for group B. Conclusion: The distributed group trained over several days was faster, with the same number of errors and the same instrument path length used. Psychomotor skill training for endoscopic surgery distributed over several days is superior to training on 1 day.Key words: Endoscopic -Laparoscopic -Psychomotor skills -Training -Training schedules -VR simulatorIn recent years, training of psychomotor skills for endoscopic surgery has been shifted from the operation theater to the skills laboratory. To overcome the difficulties in performing endoscopy such as disturbed hand-eye coordination, visual feedback from a threedimensional (3D) environment to a 2D monitor, and working with long instruments, the surgeon has to practice. Several studies have shown that virtual reality (VR) simulators are useful and valid tools for training psychomotor skills such as hand-eye coordination [5,6,8,9,13,14]. Currently, the training of these skills generally is undertaken in structured courses during 1 or 2 days and continues inside the clinic. With the reduced trainee working hours and the increased pressure on the use of health care facilities, training time needs to be used efficiently. It is therefore important to know how long students should train, when they should train, and what influence different training schedules has on the performance.The effect of different training schedules with respect to their distribution has been studied in other fields such as psychology and neuroscience [1,4,11]. Distributed training refers to a practice schedule in which periods of training are interspersed with rest periods. Massed practice refers to ...

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The influence of different training schedules on the learning of psychomotor skills for endoscopic surgery

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“…This finding also suggests that there is no observable cost of massed practice in saccade adaptation, contrasting other types of motor learning, where it has been shown that massed practice has a detrimental effect on learning (e.g., Lee and Genovese 1988;Stelmach 1969).…”

Section: Effective Saccade Adaptation To Short Imismentioning

confidence: 60%

Adaptation of naturally paced saccades

Gray

Blangero

Herman

et al. 2014

Journal of Neurophysiology

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In the natural environment, humans make saccades almost continuously. In many eye movement experiments, however, observers are required to fixate for unnaturally long periods of time. The resulting long and monotonous experimental sessions can become especially problematic when collecting data in a clinical setting, where time can be scarce and subjects easily fatigued. With this in mind, we tested whether the well-studied motor learning process of saccade adaptation could be induced with a dramatically shortened intertrial interval. Observers made saccades to targets that stepped left or right either ∼250 ms or ∼1,600 ms after the saccade landed. In experiment I, we tested baseline saccade parameters to four different target amplitudes (5°, 10°, 15°, and 20°) in the two timing settings. In experiments II and III, we adapted 10° saccades via 2° intrasaccadic steps either backwards or forwards, respectively. Seven subjects performed eight separate adaptation sessions (2 intertrial timings × 2 adaptation direction × 2 session trial lengths). Adaptation proceeded remarkably similarly in both timing conditions across the multiple sessions. In the faster-paced sessions, robust adaptation was achieved in under 2 min, demonstrating the efficacy of our approach to streamlining saccade adaptation experiments. Although saccade amplitudes were similar between conditions, the faster-paced condition unexpectedly resulted in significantly higher peak velocities in all subjects. This surprising finding demonstrates that the stereotyped “main sequence” relationship between saccade amplitude and peak velocity is not as fixed as originally thought.

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“…The aptitude to acquire new motor skills is defined as the ability of motor learning that through exercise achieves a high degree of stability, precision and efficiency (Petracovschi, 2012).When an individual learns a new movement or skill you can notice how the execution of these movements is wrong or inaccurate (Altavilla et al, 2013), then you need to work with effective methods.The effectiveness and efficiency of overall practice, interpreted as the number of repetitions, has been long recognized as the foundation of learning and perfecting movements (Lee and Genovese 1988).In fact, the number of repetitions of the new skill represents a basic element in reinforcing and creating the motor model (Schmidt, 1975).…”

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2017

JPES

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Service is fundamental of the volleyball that can be trained under the same match conditions, as there is no interference of the defense. It is a fundamental that theoretically has the highest degree of efficiency, so it is useful to know which specific training method allows the best possible performance. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the difference in yields (results) on service, through the intensive and extensive training method.The method is experimental and the study was conducted on a sample of 20 males (12-14 years) divided into two experimental groups of 10 young athletes each. To them it was assignedthe motor task of performing the service from highfrom the regular position at bottom of the field. Participants were initiated at learn the new motor task, using two different training methods: intensive method with the same number of services in a period of 2 days a week and extensive method with the same number of services in a period of dual time of four days. Each group done 2400 services at week for four weeks. Group A has conducted training on four days consecutive weekly, while Group B on two days consecutive weekly. They have been collected data on the services realized individual and of group (each service dropped in the opponent's defense zone was assigned a point).The result for Group A (extensive training) resulted in an increase the performance by 10.43%. The result for Group B (intensive training) resulted in an increase the performance lower than Group A and was 6.13.The final percentage difference between the two groups has been 4.30%. After the first week, the results show the absence of significant differences between the two groups p-value = 0.127 (p> 0.05); instead, after four weeks, the results show a significant difference between the two groups p-value = 0.001 (p <0.05), in favor of group A.Finally, from results apparead that extensive practice, in the realization of effective and consolidated motor learning, must be based on careful time distribution of the exercises and with a high number of repetitions in order to obtain high precision and an elevated stability of the performance.

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Distribution of Practice in Motor Skill Acquisition: Learning and Performance Effects Reconsidered

Cited by 195 publications

References 64 publications

The influence of different training schedules on the learning of psychomotor skills for endoscopic surgery

The influence of different training schedules on the learning of psychomotor skills for endoscopic surgery

Adaptation of naturally paced saccades

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