Distribution of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Sewage Sludge, Sediments, and Fish from Latvia

Abstract

Abstract:The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are bioaccumulative, persistent, and toxic. They have a high risk of emission into the environment via volatile losses and diffuse sources, such as commercial product disposal or the use of sewage sludge. The PBDEs' congeners were analyzed in municipal waste water treatment plant (WWTP) sludge, river and lake water, sediment, and fish samples, to investigate the concentrations in urban and natural locations. The sum of eight PBDE congener (∑ 8 PBDE 28,47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 209) concentrations in WWTP sludge varied from 78 ng·g −1 DW, to 714 ng·g −1 DW. The BDE 209 constituted up to 93%-98% of ∑ 8 PBDE. In water, the concentrations of all of the measured PBDE congeners were below the limit of detection. Similarly, the concentration of BDE 209 in the sediments was below the limit of detection in all samples. The sum of seven PBDE congener concentrations in the sediments varied from 0.01 to 0.13 ng·g −1 DW. The sum of eight PBDE congener concentrations in fish (European perch) tissues varied from 0.13 to 0.82 ng·g −1 WW. As was recorded for the WWTP sludge, the BDE 209 was the dominant congener, constituting 24%-93% of ∑ 8 PBDE. The sum of seven PBDE congener concentrations, excluding BDE 209, as well as the concentrations of BDE 209 that were measured in WWTP sludge, exhibited a weak negative correlation (Pearson's r = −0.56, p = 0.1509 and r = −0.48, p = 0.2256, respectively) with the content of dry matter in the sludge. The sum of seven PBDE congener concentrations measured in sediments exhibited a strong negative correlation (Pearson's r = −0.82, p = 0.0006) with the content of dry matter in the sediments, and a strong positive correlation (Pearson's r = 0.68, p = 0.0109) with the total carbon content. The obtained results indicated that the fine-grained WWTP sludge particles, with a larger relative surface area, adsorbed BDE 209 the most effectively. This finding was supported by the relatively low environmental concentrations of PBDE congeners, especially BDE 209, which can be explained by the lack of using sewage sludge in agricultural application in Latvia. Furthermore, it seems that, at present, the observed differences in the PBDE congener concentrations in sediments can be attributed to differences in the physical-chemical properties of sediments.

Analysis of brominated flame retardants in the aquatic environment: a review

“…It has successfully been applied for the extraction of trace PBDEs in water samples (31). The last is also known as accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), as it significantly decreases extraction time and solvent consumption, can be automated or semi-automated, and can process a large number of samples at the same time (13,36,40,(45)(46)(47)(48)(49).…”

“…The second BFR extraction classic from solids such as sediment and biological samples is Soxhlet extraction. It is a simple technique that requires minimal sample preparation but also large volumes of solvents, usually dichloromethane or acetone/ n -hexane or dichloromethane and n -hexane mixtures ( 45 , 46 , 50 ). In addition, extraction takes more than 20 h ( 34 ).…”

“…EI is more selective, because it provides more information about the structure of ionised compounds ( 12 , 14 ). One of the most selective and sensitive techniques used in the analysis of PBBs and PBDEs is HRMS ( 13 , 45 , 46 , 56 ). It can achieve resolution higher than 4000 without losing sensitivity to compounds with higher molecular weights, because the efficiency of ion transfer through the quadrupole mass analyser is not mass-dependent.…”

Study the Composition and Environmental Impact of Sewage Sludge

“…The relevance of the work is aimed at the study of the territory of sewer systems, pollution of the gas-air environment, soil, the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, unfavorable sanitary and epidemiological condition [Aigars et al, 2017;Tian and Trzcinski, 2017;Pashkevich et al, 2020].…”