Distribution of orexin-A immunoreactive neurons and their terminal networks in the brain of the rock hyrax, Procavia capensis

Patzke

Kaswera

et al. 2013

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Paul.Manger@wits.ac.za 2 Highlights  The organisation of four neural systems is described in the brains of three Afrotherians not previously studied  These systems are organised in a similar manner to other mammals.  There are features that reflect both phylogenetic and functional signals in the evolution of these neural systems.  The golden mole appears to be a "hyper-cholinergic" mammal, possessing cholinergic neurons in novel regions of the brain. AbstractThe present study describes the organization of the cholinergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic and orexinergic (hypocretinergic) neurons in the brains of the giant otter shrew, the Hottentot golden mole and the four-toed sengi, three members of the mammalian super orderAfrotheria. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible differences in the nuclear complement of these neural systems in comparison to previous studies on other Afrotheria species and other mammalian species. Brains of the golden mole, sengi and giant otter shrew were coronally sectioned and immunohistochemically stained with antibodies against cholineacetyl-transferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin and orexin-A. The majority of nuclei revealed in the current study were similar between the species investigated, to other Afrotherian species investigated, and to other mammals, but certain differences in the nuclear complement highlighted phylogenetic interrelationships. The golden mole was seen to have cholinergic interneurons in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb and amygdala. The four-toed sengi had cholinergic neurons in both colliculi and in the cochlear nucleus, but lacked the catecholaminergic A15d group in the hypothalamus. In both the golden mole and the four-toed sengi, the locus coeruleus (A6d group) was made up of few neurons. The golden mole also exhibited an unusual foreshortening of the brain, such that a major kink in the brainstem was evident. The results of this study, framed in a phylogenetic context, appear to indicate that the golden mole and four-toed sengi share a more recent common ancestor that diverged from the tenrec lineage early in the phylogenetic history of the Afrotherians.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear organisation of some immunohistochemically identifiable neural systems in three Afrotherian species—Potomogale velox, Amblysomus hottentotus and Petrodromus tetradactylus

Patzke

Kaswera

et al. 2013

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“…1, 2). The nomenclature used for the cholinergic nuclei was adopted from Woolf (1991), Limacher et al (2008), Bhagwandin et al (2008), Gravett et al (2009), Pieters et al (2010, and Calvey et al (2013), the catecholaminergic nuclei from Hökfelt et al (1984), Smeets and Gonzalez (2000), Limacher et al (2008), Bhagwandin et al (2008), Gravett et al (2009), Pieters et al (2010 and Calvey et al (2013), the serotonergic nuclei from Törk (1990), Limacher et al (2008), Bhagwandin et al (2008), Gravett et al (2009), Pieters et al (2010 and Calvey et al (2013), and the orexinergic nuclei from Kruger et al (2010b), Bhagwandin et al (2011), Gravett et al (2011 and Calvey et al (2013). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear organisation of some immunohistochemically identifiable neural systems in five species of insectivore —Crocidura cyanea, Crocidura olivieri, Sylvisorex ollula, Paraechinus aethiopicus and Atelerix frontalis

Patzke

Bennett

et al. 2016

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Paul.Manger@wits.ac.za 1 Highlights• Several neural systems in the brains of insectivores are described.• All species show a similar global pattern of organization.• Certain variations indicate a phylogenetic relationships between shrews and microchiropterans.• This study support the diphyletic hypothesis of bat evolution. AbstractThe organization of the cholinergic, catecholaminergic, and serotonergic neurons in the brains of five species of insectivores and the orexinergic (hypocretinergic) system in four insectivore species is presented. We aimed to investigate the nuclear complement of these neural systems in comparison to those of other mammalian species. Brains of insectivores were coronally sectioned and immunohistochemically stained with antibodies against cholineacetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin and orexin-A. The majority of nuclei were similar among the species investigated and to mammals in general, but certain differences in the nuclear complement highlighted potential phylogenetic interrelationships.In the cholinergic system, the three shrew species lacked parabigeminal and EdingerWestphal nuclei. In addition, the appearance of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus in all insectivores revealed a mediodorsal arch. All three of these features are the same as those present in microchiropterans. The catecholaminergic system of the three shrew species lacked the A4 and A15d nuclei, as well as having an incipient A9v nucleus, again features found in microchiropteran brains. The serotonergic and orexinergic systems of the insectivores are similar to those seen across most Eutherian mammals. The analysis of similarities and differences across mammalian species indicates a potential phylogenetic relationship between the Soricidae (shrews) and the microchiropterans.

“…The nomenclature used for the cholinergic nuclei was adopted from Woolf (1991), Limacher et al (2008, Bhagwandin et al (2008), Gravett et al (2009), Pieters et al (2010), and Calvey et al (2013, the catecholaminergic nuclei from Hökfelt et al (1984), Smeets and Gonzalez (2000), Limacher et al (2008), Bhagwandin et al (2008), Gravett et al (2009), Pieters et al (2010 and Calvey et al (2013), the serotonergic nuclei from Törk (1990), Limacher et al (2008, Bhagwandin et al (2008), Gravett et al (2009), Pieters et al (2010 and Calvey et al (2013), and the orexinergic nuclei from Kruger et al (2010b), Bhagwandin et al (2011), Gravett et al (2011 and Calvey et al (2013). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear organization of some immunohistochemically identifiable neural systems in two species of the Euarchontoglires: A Lagomorph, Lepus capensis , and a Scandentia, Tupaia belangeri

Alagaili

Bertelsen

et al. 2015

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Nuclear organisation of some immunohistochemically identifiable neural systems in two species of the Euarchontoglires: a Lagomorph, Lepus capensis, and a Scandentia, Tupaia belangeri, Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.jchemneu.2015.10.007 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 2 AbstractThe present study describes the organization of the nuclei of the cholinergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic and orexinergic systems in the brains of two members of Euarchontoglires, Lepus capensis and Tupaia belangeri. The aim of the present study was to investigate the nuclear complement of these neural systems in comparison to previous studies on Euarchontoglires and generally with other mammalian species. Brains were coronally sectioned and immunohistochemically stained with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin and orexin-A. The majority of nuclei revealed in the current study were similar between the species investigated and to mammals generally, but certain differences in the nuclear complement highlight potential phylogenetic interrelationships within the Euarchontoglires and across mammals. In the northern tree shrew the nucleus of the trapezoid body contained neurons immunoreactive to the choline acetyltransferase antibody with some of these neurons extending into the lamellae within the superior olivary nuclear complex (SON). The cholinergic nature of the neurons of this nucleus, and the extension of cholinergic neurons into the SON, has not been noted in any mammal studied to date. In addition, cholinergic neurons forming the medullary tegmental field were also present in the northern tree shrew. Regarding the catecholaminergic system, the cape hare presented with the rodent specific rostral dorsal midline medullary nucleus (C3), and the northern tree shrew lacked both the ventral and dorsal divisions of the anterior hypothalamic group (A15v and A15d). Both species were lacking the primate/megachiropteran specific compact portion of the locus coeruleus complex (A6c). The nuclei of the serotonergic and orexinergic systems of both species were similar to those seen across most Eutherian mammals. Our results lend support to the monophyly of the Glires, and more broadly suggest that the megachiropterans are more closely related to the primates than are any other members of Euarchontoglires studied to date.