Distribution of Nitrogen-13 from Labeled Nitrate (
 13
 NO
 3
 -
 ) in Humans and Rats

Witter, JP; Gatley, S.J.; Balish, Edward

doi:10.1126/science.441728

Cited by 54 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Many studies have been devoted to problems related to the fate of ingested nitrate and nitrite in the body (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35). It is certain from the literature that increased ingested nitrate or nitrite results in increased urinary excretion of nitrate and nitrite, but the details of the major metabolic pathway are not sufficiently known.…”

Section: Absorption and Conversion Of No In Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nitrate in the stomach is transferred to the intestine without reduction and absorption in the healthy animal (34). However, in the stomach of ruminants such as cattle or sheep, NO is reduced to NO - (38).…”

Section: Absorption and Conversion Of No In Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tannenbaum et al (33) suggested that nitrate and nitrite are produced de novo in the intestine as a result of heterophic nitrification. According to the research of Witter et al (34), who studied 1NO in humans and rats, the 13N compound administered was not rapidly absorbed through the stomach wall; the concentration was increased in the lower intestine, and a portion of the 13N was retained in the body. The results of Wang et al (35) suggested that NO and NO in the intestine are converted to the nitrogen compounds other than NO2 and NO3 by intestinal bacteria before reaching the large intestine.…”

Section: Absorption and Conversion Of No In Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Biotransformation of Nitric Oxide

Yoshida¹,

Kasama²

1987

Environmental Health Perspectives

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Previous investigations into the health effects of nitrogen oxides (NOJ) have mostly been conducted with special reference to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and its direct effects on the respiratory system, while the study of nitric oxide (NO) has been disregarded. We carried out a study on NO by exposing rats and mice to 15NO or administering 15N-nitrite and 15N-nitrate to these animals by IP injection in order to elucidate the metabolic fate of NO.The results of our study and previous findings led us to assume that the major metabolic path of inhaled NO is as follows: inhaled NO reacts with hemoglobin, forming nitrosyl-hemoglobin (NOHb), and from NOHb, nitrite (NO-) and nitrate (NO-) are generated. Major quantities of NO-are discharged into the urine and a certain amount is discharged into the oral cavity through the salivary glands and transformed to NO-. Part of this NO is converted to N2 gas in the stomach. Nitrate in the intestine is partly reduced to ammonia (NH3) through NO-, reabsorbed into the body, and converted to urea. Most of the metabolites of inhaled NO are excreted rapidly from the body within 48 hr.

show abstract

Section: Absorption and Conversion Of No In Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Absorption and Conversion Of No In Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Absorption and Conversion Of No In Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Biotransformation of Nitric Oxide

Yoshida¹,

Kasama²

1987

Environmental Health Perspectives

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Absorbed nitrate can also be recycled into the rumen via saliva (Schneider and Yeary, 1975;Yaremcio, 1991). Salivary, biliary, pancreatic or direct intestinal secretions of nitrate may also contribute to the pool of nitrate present in the small and large intestines (Witter et al, 1979a(Witter et al, , 1979b.…”

Section: Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

2009

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYNitrite is formed naturally by the nitrogen cycle during the process of nitrogen fixation and it is subsequently converted to nitrate, a major nutrient assimilated by plants. Two main nitrite salt forms occur, namely sodium and potassium nitrite.In animal tissues, nitrite is naturally present mainly as the result of endogenous nitrate conversion. Animal feed represents a natural source of exogenous nitrite and because of its potential for toxicity at excessive levels of intake, the Directive (EC) No 2002/32/EC on undesirable substances in animal feed established maximum limits for sodium nitrite in complete feedingstuffs excluding feedingstuffs intended for pets except birds and aquarium fish, and fish meal of 15 and 60 mg/kg, respectively (corresponding to 10 and 40 mg/kg for the nitrite ion). Nitrite in drinking water is regulated in Europe, with a maximum level of 0.5 mg/L. Nitrate levels in forages are naturally high and the inter-conversion of nitrate to nitrite is the largest contributor to nitrite exposure in food-producing animals. Dietary intake of nitrite per se results from the use of vegetable feeds and forages, fertilisers/manures or when used as an antimicrobial for preservation, for example in silage, processed pet food, and in former times fish meal. Additionally, water can be an important dietary source of nitrite via reduction of nitrate. The main analytical technique used to measure both nitrite and nitrate is colourimetry because of its sensitivity and specificity. Three member states provided analytical results on feedingstuffs and nitrite levels were below the maximum levels in all feed commodities.Acutely, nitrite is approximately ten-fold more toxic than nitrate and three main toxicological endpoints have been identified: methaemoglobin formation (in a wide range of species including man), hypertrophy of the adrenal zona glomerulosa (rats), and equivocal evidence In monogastric animals, most nitrite is formed and absorbed in the upper digestive tract. In contrast in ruminants, nitrite and nitrate is metabolised by the rumen flora. Reports of adverse effects after excessive nitrite exposure in livestock exist, and pigs and ruminants, as major food producing animals, are particularly susceptible: this is because of relatively low nitrite reductase activity and high levels of rumen conversion of exogenous nitrate to nitrite, respectively. Acknowledging diverse husbandry conditions between reported studies, NoObserved Adverse Effect Levels (NOAELs) for pigs and cattle have been estimated from the literature with a value of 3.3 mg/kg b.w. per day in both species. In turn, total daily nitrite intakes were estimated for pigs and cattle using the maximum exposure level in complete feed according to the current legislation (10 mg/kg), typical feeding regimens within the European Union and maximum nitrite level in forages from member states (cattle). Overall, the estimated nitrite intakes for pigs and cattle from feed were 0.37 and 0.65 mg/kg b.w. per day (excluding endogenous formation of n...

show abstract

“…Dietary nitrate is absorbed in the intestine (23), transported in the blood, actively taken up and concentrated in the salivary glands (20,21), and then reduced to nitrite by oral nitrate-reducing bacteria (14,15). Recent in vitro studies showed that the activity of stomach acid against food-borne pathogens might be increased by up to 100-fold by physiological salivary concentrations of nitrite (3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ascorbic Acid, Glutathione, Thiocyanate, and Iodide on Antimicrobial Activity of Acidified Nitrite

Fite

Dykhuizen

Litterick

et al. 2004

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It has been hypothesized that dietary nitrite augments the antimicrobial activity of gastric acid after conversion to nitric oxide and other reactive nitrogen intermediates, thus resulting in increased resistance against gastrointestinal infection. In this study, we showed that the reducing agents ascorbic acid and glutathione reduced the activity of acidified nitrite against Yersinia enterocolitica (P < 0.001). In contrast, iodide and thiocyanate increased the antimicrobial activity (P < 0.001), whereas hydroxyacids (citrate, lactate, and tartarate) had no measurable effects.

show abstract

Distribution of Nitrogen-13 from Labeled Nitrate ( ¹³ NO ₃ ^- ) in Humans and Rats

Cited by 54 publications

References 6 publications

Biotransformation of Nitric Oxide

Biotransformation of Nitric Oxide

Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

Effects of Ascorbic Acid, Glutathione, Thiocyanate, and Iodide on Antimicrobial Activity of Acidified Nitrite

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Distribution of Nitrogen-13 from Labeled Nitrate ( 13 NO 3 - ) in Humans and Rats

Cited by 54 publications

References 6 publications

Biotransformation of Nitric Oxide

Biotransformation of Nitric Oxide

Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

Effects of Ascorbic Acid, Glutathione, Thiocyanate, and Iodide on Antimicrobial Activity of Acidified Nitrite

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Distribution of Nitrogen-13 from Labeled Nitrate ( ¹³ NO ₃ ^- ) in Humans and Rats