Distribution of Insects in Soybean Fields

Abstract

A 3-year study of spatial distribution patterns of insect pests in soybean fields revealed that the Poisson series described the distribution of most species. These species were: green cloverworms, Plathypena scabra (Fabricius); velvetbean caterpillars, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner; loopers Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and Heliothis spp. The Poisson with zeros distribution was second in characterizing the spatial patterns of many of the species. Field counts of Mexican bean beetles, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, fitted the Neyman’s type A and negative binomial distributions most often.

History and Contemporary Perspectives of the Integrated Pest Management of Soybean in Brazil

“…From these various sampling methods, the ground or beat cloth method became the most popular not only because of its practical use but because it served to sample several species of pests and natural enemies. From its more basic design (1-m-long piece of cloth) (Boyer & Dumas 1963), it evolved to a more sophisticated design using a plastic "cloth" to allow insects to slide into a plastic container by raising one of the ends of the cloth during sampling (Shepard et al 1974, Shepard & Carner 1976. Later on, the use of galvanized metal flashing (91.4-cm wide) crimped to provide a vertical beating surface (86.2-cm tall and a trough 10.1-cm wide) was implemented (Drees & Rice 1985).…”

Behavioural manipulation of insect hosts by Baculoviridae as a process of niche construction

“…Examples of differing host ecology abound; for instance, caterpillars of Lymantria dispar feed on leaves near the tops of trees, providing boosts to horizontal transmission (increasing β L , Z G ) and favouring ZG . On the other hand, larvae of crop pests like Anticarsia gemmatalis  (velvetbean caterpillars) that feed on soybean and other legume plants have a dispersed spatial distribution [38] and are active enough to jump off the plant if disturbed. This may not favour the G  allele, which may account for the lack of liquefaction in this NPV [39], and whether the virus manipulates its host is unknown.…”

A survey of the insect pests of soybean in Northern Bangladesh, their damage and occurrence

“…A list of different pests, with the nature of their damage, distribution, biological data and control measures have been given by Gangrade, 1976;Kobayashi and Oku, 1977;Menchoy, 1976;Robert et al, 1977, Shepard and Carner, 1976and Anonymous, 1976. In India, Bhardwaj and Bhalla (1976) reported 30 insect pests associated with soybean, of which three are described as major pests.…”