Distribution of galanin receptors in the human eye

Schrödl, Falk; Kaser-Eichberger, Alexandra; Trost, Andrea; Strohmaier, Clemens; Bogner, Barbara; Runge, Christian; Bruckner, Daniela; Motloch, Karolina; Holub, Barbara; Kofler, Barbara; Reitsamer, Herbert A.

doi:10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.024

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…After detection of GAL 1 -R and GAL 2 -R mRNA expression in macrophages, we analyzed the protein expression of both receptors in M0-GM-Mφ and M0-M-Mφ by immunofluorescence microscopy using anti-galanin receptor antibodies which were recently validated for specificity in our laboratory 43,44 . Macrophage cell clusters were excluded from analysis as the IgG isotype control showed false positive staining at cell-to-cell contacts (data not shown).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galanin is a potent modulator of cytokine and chemokine expression in human macrophages

Koller

Brunner

Bianchini

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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The regulatory peptide galanin is broadly distributed in the central- and peripheral nervous systems as well as in non-neuronal tissues, where it exerts its diverse physiological functions via three G-protein-coupled receptors (GAL 1-3 -R). Regulatory peptides are important mediators of the cross-communication between the nervous- and immune systems and have emerged as a focus of new therapeutics for a variety of inflammatory diseases. Studies on inflammatory animal models and immune cells revealed both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of galanin. Here, we probed specific immune-related functions of the galanin system and found galanin and GAL 1 -R and GAL 2 -R mRNA to be expressed in a range of human immune cells. In particular, macrophages displayed differentiation- and polarization-dependent expression of galanin and its receptors. Exposure to exogenous galanin affected the cytokine/chemokine expression profile of macrophages differently, depending on their differentiation and polarization, and mainly modulated the expression of chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL5 and CXCL8) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, IL-10 and IL-1Ra), especially in type-1 macrophages. Cytokine/chemokine expression levels in interferon-gamma- and lipopolysaccharide-polarized macrophages were upregulated whereas in unpolarized macrophages they were downregulated upon galanin treatment for 20 hours. This study illuminates the regulation of important cytokines/chemokines in macrophages by galanin, depending on specific cell activation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galanin is a potent modulator of cytokine and chemokine expression in human macrophages

Koller

Brunner

Bianchini

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…The specificity of the antibodies against human GALRs was recently demonstrated (43,45). Subsequently, the anti-rabbit secondary antibody "Envision+HRP-labeled polymer" (DAKO) was added for 30 min at RT.…”

Section: Immunohistochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human skin sections were used as positive controls for GAL [epidermis, sweat glands (46,47)] and GAL 3 -R [blood vessels (48)]. The cell line SH-SY5Y transfected with human GAL 1 -R or human GAL 2 -R was used as a positive control for GAL 1 -R and GAL 2 -R staining [ Supplementary Figures 1, 2; (43,45)]. Furthermore, as a control, the primary antibody was omitted.…”

Section: Immunohistochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Galanin System in Human Glioma and Pituitary Adenoma

et al. 2020

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Expression of neuropeptides and their corresponding receptors has been demonstrated in different cancer types, where they can play a role in tumor cell growth, invasion, and migration. Human galanin (GAL) is a 30-amino-acid regulatory neuropeptide which acts through three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL 1-R, GAL 2-R, and GAL 3-R that differ in their signal transduction pathways. GAL and galanin receptors (GALRs) are expressed by different tumors, and direct involvement of GAL in tumorigenesis has been shown. Despite its strong expression in the central nervous system (CNS), the role of GAL in CNS tumors has not been extensively studied. To date, GAL peptide expression, GAL receptor binding and mRNA expression have been reported in glioma, meningioma, and pituitary adenoma. However, data on the cellular distribution of GALRs are sparse. The aim of the present study was to examine the expression of GAL and GALRs in different brain tumors by immunohistochemistry. Anterior pituitary gland (n = 7), pituitary adenoma (n = 9) and glioma of different WHO grades I-IV (n = 55) were analyzed for the expression of GAL and the three GALRs with antibodies recently extensively validated for specificity. While high focal GAL immunoreactivity was detected in up to 40% of cells in the anterior pituitary gland samples, only one pituitary adenoma showed focal GAL expression, at a low level. In the anterior pituitary, GAL 1-R and GAL 3-R protein expression was observed in up to 15% of cells, whereas receptor expression was not detected in pituitary adenoma. In glioma, diffuse and focal GAL staining was noticed in the majority of cases. GAL 1-R was observed in eight out of nine glioma subtypes. GAL 2-R immunoreactivity was not detected in glioma and pituitary adenoma, while GAL 3-R expression was significantly associated to high-grade glioma (WHO grade IV). Most interestingly, expression of GAL and GALRs was observed in tumor-infiltrating immune cells, including neutrophils and glioma-associated macrophages/microglia. The presence of GALRs on tumor-associated immune cells, especially macrophages, indicates that GAL signaling contributes to homeostasis of the tumor microenvironment. Thus, our data indicate that GAL signaling in tumor-supportive myeloid cells could be a novel therapeutic target.

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“…Additional receptors related to potential neurotransmitters and reported to be present in the human ciliary muscle include the serotonin-2 receptor [85], the cannabinoid CB1-receptor [86,87], and the galanin-receptors galR3 (ubiquitous present in the ciliary muscle) and galR1 (restricted to the inner rim of the ciliary muscle) [88].…”

Section: Membrane Elements and Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphologic characteristics of the human ciliary muscle

May¹

2017

New Front Ophthalmol

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The present review focusses on the morphological characteristics of the normal human ciliary muscle. It develops in the second and third trimenon during pregnancy but continues to change after birth with developing accommodation. The mature muscle forms three distinguishable portions which are connected but show individual characteristics. The outer portion origins and inserts with tendon-like structures, while the inner portion forms a sphincter-like appearance. The distinct different innervation is not yet completely described, nor exist portion-dependent summaries of the cytological characteristics. The specific intracellular, membraneous, and extracellular components described in the literature are listed and supplemented with own observations.

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Distribution of galanin receptors in the human eye

Cited by 19 publications

References 43 publications

Galanin is a potent modulator of cytokine and chemokine expression in human macrophages

Galanin is a potent modulator of cytokine and chemokine expression in human macrophages

Galanin System in Human Glioma and Pituitary Adenoma

Morphologic characteristics of the human ciliary muscle

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