Distribution of fungi and aflatoxins in a stored peanut variety

Nakai, Viviane Kobuchi; Rocha, Liliana O.; Gonçalez, Edlayne; Fonseca, Homero; Ortega, Edwin M. M.; Corrêa, Benedito

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.087

Cited by 148 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Studies conducted in Brazil, especially in the southeast region, analyzing the occurrence of aflatoxins in peanuts and their products typically report higher AFB1 levels than those observed in the present study. For example, Nakai et al (2008) studied the occurrence of aflatoxins in stored peanut samples from the State of São Paulo, Brazil, and found mean levels of AFB1 from 7.0 to 116.0 µg/kg. In a review of mycotoxin research in Brazil from 1991 through 2000, Rodriguez-Amaya and Sabino (2002) reported aflatoxin contamination in peanuts and peanut products from 1.0 to 12.9 µg/kg Sabino et al (1999), researching the occurrence of aflatoxins in peanuts and peanut products consumed in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, concluded that aflatoxin contamination in peanuts is decreasing but remains a problem because the maximum level of contamination detected was 536.0 µg/kg.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peanuts, in particular, are known to be a major substrate for these fungal species (Juan et al 2008). Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB1) is the most toxic mycotoxin for mammals and exhibits hepatotoxic, teratogenic and mutagenic properties (Nakai et al 2008). Together, aflatoxins B 1 , B 2 , G 1 and G 2 are classified as a class 1 carcinogen for humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The State of São Paulo is the greatest peanut producer, with a peanut output estimated to be 80.9 thousand tons for the 2008/2009 harvest, representing 71% of the Brazilian national peanut production (CONAB, 2010). The quality of peanuts and their derivatives consumed in southeastern Brazil is frequently monitored (Nakai et al 2008;Rodriguez-Amaya and Sabino 2002;Sabino et al 1999;Freitas and Brigido 1998 (CONAB 2010). In this region, peanuts are cultivated on a small scale by rural producers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The occurrence of aflatoxin B1 contamination in peanuts and peanut products marketed in southern Brazil

Hoeltz

Einloft

Oldoni³

et al. 2012

Braz. arch. biol. technol.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The occurrence of aflatoxin B1 contamination in peanuts and peanut products marketed in southern Brazil

Hoeltz

Einloft

Oldoni³

et al. 2012

Braz. arch. biol. technol.

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“…(>14%) are the most important factors influencing the growth of A. flavus in peanuts stored in enclosed facilities (Nakai et al, 2008) and aflatoxin contamination (Soler et al, 2010). Dry grains keep longer and safe from moulds because the water activity required for their growth is not met (Sanders, Shubert, & Pattee, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Levels and Assessment of Major Aflatoxin Types in Stored Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus)

Wagacha¹,

Mutegi²,

Christie³

et al. 2013

JFR

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Peanut kernels of Homabay Local, Valencia Red, ICGV-SM 12991 and ICGV-SM 99568 cultivars were stored for six months in jute, polypropylene and polyethylene bags to assess the effect of storage bags, temperature and R.H. on fungal population and aflatoxin contamination. Moisture content (M.C.), fungal population and aflatoxin levels were determined before storage and after every 30 days during storage. Isolates of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus were assayed for production of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. The correlation between MC, population of A. flavus and A. parasiticus and aflatoxin levels in peanuts was also determined. Six fungal pathogens were commonly isolated from the peanut samples and occurred as follows in decreasing order: Penicillium spp. (106.6 CFU/g), A. flavus L-strain (4.8 CFU/g), A. flavus S-strain (2.9 CFU/g), A. niger (2.6 CFU/g), A. parasiticus (1.7 CFU/g) and A. tamarii (0.2 CFU/g). The overall population of A. flavus L-strain was 66% higher than that of A. flavus S-strain. Ninety one percent of A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolates produced at least one of the four aflatoxin types assayed, with 36% producing aflatoxin B1. Total aflatoxin levels ranged from 0 -47.8 µg/kg with samples stored in polyethylene and jute bags being the most and least contaminated, respectively. Eighty nine percent and 97% of the peanut samples met the EU (≤ 4 µg/kg) and Kenyan (≤ 10 µg/kg) regulatory standards for total aflatoxin, respectively. Peanuts should be adequately dried to safe moisture level and immediately packaged in a container -preferably jute bags -which will not promote critical increases in fungal population and aflatoxin contamination.

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“…The bisfurancoumarin-cyclopentanones include AFs, which are further categorized into groups labeled B, Q, P and M (AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFB 2a , AFM 1 , AFM 2 , AFM 2a, AFQ 1 , AFP 1 ), and aflatoxicol (AFL), which corresponds to the subgroup of bisfuran-coumarin-lactones, in which the AFs in the G groups G (AFG 1 , AFG 2 , AFG 2a ) are placed [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free and DNA Adducted Aflatoxins in Chronic Liver Diseases that Predispose Patients to Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mexico

Banuelos¹,

M²

2015

J Cancer Sci Ther

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Aflatoxins are mutagenic hepatocarcinogenic fungal metabolites that contribute to chronic hepatitis B and C and viral cirrhosis, which can both evolve into hepatocellular carcinoma.Objective: To identify and quantify free aflatoxins and AFB 1 -N 7 -guanine (AFB 1 -N 7 -Gua) adducts (active carcinogen) in the urine of Mexican patients with chronic liver diseases.Methods: Urine samples from 210 Mexican patients with chronic liver diseases, hepatitis B or C, or viral cirrhosis and four control groups: 1) patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, 2) patients with no hepatic diseases, 3) patients with kidney failure, and 4) healthy persons, were analyzed for free aflatoxins and AFB 1 -N 7 -Gua adducts by Inhibitory Indirect ELISA and high performance liquid chromatography, and both methods produced similar results (R 2 =0.90). A questionnaire regarding foods with high risk of containing aflatoxins was applied to relate diet and disease.Results: Aflatoxin-positive samples were found from patients in the following groups: hepatitis B (50%), viral cirrhosis (26%), hepatitis C (16.6%), alcoholic cirrhosis (10%), healthy (10%), kidney failure (0.47%), and chronic nonhepatic diseases (0%), with R 2 =0.95. Risk groups had more AFB 1 -N 7 -Gua adducts than controls. High performance liquid chromatography identified free AFB 1 (exposure), types M 1 and P 1 (detoxification metabolites), and Inhibitory Indirect ELISA quantified AFB 1 -N 7 -Gua adduct (a DNA repair biomarker).High-risk foods related (P≤0.001) to hepatic diseases were maize, oil seeds, and dairy products. Conclusion: Mexican patients with chronic liver diseases exhibited high concentrations of aflatoxins and Aflatoxin-N 7-Gua adducts, both of which showed high exposure and the last are significant biomarkers for the risk of liver diseases that predispose patients to liver cancer. and HCV markers.2. Chronic or terminal kidney failure (urea and creatinine tests), blood or chronic peritoneal dialysis substitution, and negative viral markers.3. Chronic non-hepatic diseases (CNHD) or gastric ulcers.4. Healthy individuals: normal hepatic functions and serological test.The sample size was the minimum size to ensure that the sample mean exhibited an approximately normal sampling distribution. Sex and age ranges of the risk and control groups are shown in Table 1. Collection and urine sample analysisThis study focused on collecting AFB 1 -N 7 -Gua adducts in urine because this method is non-invasive and because chronic liver diseases are not treated through surgical operations in which samples could be collected; therefore, the collection of sampling tissues is possible only by biopsies and necropsies, and urine is easier to obtain. Each patient answered 200 questions about their diet, which were developed by the Dept. of Epidemiology of the Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, and provided a 24-hour urine sample that was measured and homogenized by vortexing; an aliquot of urine was removed for colorimetric determination. To adjust urine concentrations and make ...

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Distribution of fungi and aflatoxins in a stored peanut variety

Cited by 148 publications

References 12 publications

The occurrence of aflatoxin B1 contamination in peanuts and peanut products marketed in southern Brazil

The occurrence of aflatoxin B1 contamination in peanuts and peanut products marketed in southern Brazil

Changes in Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Levels and Assessment of Major Aflatoxin Types in Stored Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus)

Free and DNA Adducted Aflatoxins in Chronic Liver Diseases that Predispose Patients to Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mexico

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