Distribution of Evaporation Rate on Human Body Surface

Male and female upper body sweat distribution during running measured with technical absorbents

“…In order to get higher skin coverage of the 16 measurement and thus being able to represent all the skin areas studied, the present study used 17 absorbent patches that covered the whole torso and upper arm area simultaneously during the 18 sample periods. In the present study a highly significant correlation (p<0.001) was found 19 between the data from the absorbent samples and overall body sweat loss calculated from 20 drinking corrected mass loss, even though the latter also included a 15 minute resting period. the sweat rate of the covered area.…”

“…11 12 Differences in whole body sweat rates between sexes are well investigated, with most research 13 indicating lower overall sweat rates in females linked to a higher core and skin temperature . 20 Regional sweat rates in males versus females received less attention, with most studies on 21 regional sweat distribution focussing on males, studying sweat regulation (Nadel et al 1971 Most of the mentioned studies of regional sweat rate distribution used 3 to 5 ventilated sweat 3 capsules per experiment with typically a single capsule per body part. As these capsules each 4 cover only around 2 to 9 cm 2 , this implies that only a small sample of the whole body is taken 5 and it remains unclear how representative these samples are for the whole area on which they 6 are placed (typically chest, back, arm, thigh) or for overall body sweat rate (Cotter, 1995 which an example is given in ESM 2.…”

Sweat secretion from the torso during passively-induced and exercise-related hyperthermia

“…However, while a greater sweat secretion has been reported for the ventral surface of the torso (Weiner 1945), another report demonstrated higher sweating from the dorsal area (Park and Tamura 1992). Since the torso represents about 40% of the total body surface area, and accounts for about 50% of the whole-body sweat secretion (Weiner 1945), then a clear understanding of the inter-site variations in thermal sweating within the torso is of considerable importance to thermal physiologists, thermal modellers and manikin engineers, and also to those within the clothing industry.…”

“…Segmental diVerences in sudomotor function have been reported during rest and exercise with regard to sweat gland densities, secretion rates, sensitivity to core and skin temperature changes, and the sudomotor thresholds (Weiner 1945;Hertzman et al 1952;Park and Tamura 1992;Cotter et al 1995;Cotter and Taylor 2005). In general, sweat gland densities are higher at the forehead, hand and foot, and lower on the thigh and leg, with the arms and trunk displaying intermediate densities (Thompson 1954;Szabo 1962Szabo , 1967Knip 1969;Hwang and Baik 1997).…”

Differences in comfort perception in relation to local and whole body skin wettedness

“…Furthermore, the production of sweat differs for different body regions during exercise (Havenith et al 2008;Machado-Moreira et al 2008a, b;Taylor et al 2006) and even during rest (Chung and Tamura 1998;Hara 1982;Park and Tamura 1992). This different production, combined with possible differences in regional evaporation induced by differing convection currents over different skin areas, will in itself lead to different wettedness distributions.…”