Distribution of drug resistance among enterococci and Salmonella from poultry and cattle in Ethiopia

Bekele, Behailu; Ashenafi, Mogessie

doi:10.1007/s11250-009-9499-0

Cited by 38 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…This variation might be due to difference in the study population where most of the clients in the present study had habit of animal contact and this was supported by Bekele and Ashenafi, reported as 100% VRE Enterococci isolated from faeces of chicken and cattle in Ethiopia [20]. Comparison of colonization of VRE among HIV positives (7.8%) and HIV negative (3.1%) clients’ revealed that there was a slightly higher VRE in HIV positive patients.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Prevalence of vancomycin resistant Enterococci and associated risk factors among clients with and without HIV in Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2014

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BackgroundEnterococci are the most important multidrug resistant organisms associated with immunocompromised patients. Data are lacking about the epidemiology of vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of VRE, their susceptibility patterns to different antibiotics and associated risk factors in fecal samples of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive and HIV negative clients.MethodsA cross sectional study was carried out in a total of 226 (113 HIV positive and 113 HIV negative) clients, from July 1/2013 to September 30/2013 at the University of Gondar Teaching Hospital. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors were collected with a short interview guided by pre-tested structured questionnaire. The enterococci were isolated and identified from stool sample using standard bacteriological procedures. Kary Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility patterns of Enterococci isolates. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical package.ResultsThe overall colonization of Enterococci was 88.9% (201/226) of which 11 (5.5%) were VRE. The prevalence of VRE among clients with and without HIV infections were 8(7.8%) and 3(3.1%), respectively. Ninety percent of the Enterococci isolates (181/201) were resistant to two or more antibiotics tested. Isolates of Enterococci recovered from stool samples of HIV infected patients were more resistant to amoxicillin and amoxicillin-calvulinic acid than HIV negative clients (P < 0.05). Antibiotic treatment for the last 2 weeks was found to be the risk factor that showed statistically significant association with the presence of high VRE colonization. However, the socio-demographic variables and factors such as malnutrition, leucopenia, thromobocytopenia, anaemia, duration of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, CD4 cell count, stage of WHO and drinking alcohol were not associated with VRE (P > 0.05).ConclusionThe high prevalence of VRE in this study signals the emergence of VRE in the study area. Prior antibiotic treatment was associated with VRE colonization. Therefore, rational use of antibiotics and more detailed study using phenotypic and genotypic methods are needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Prevalence of vancomycin resistant Enterococci and associated risk factors among clients with and without HIV in Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2014

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“…Previously, high resistance to erythromycin in broiler Salmonella isolates was reported by Bekele and Ashenafi (3), who similarly had detected high resistance results for penicillin G, doxycycline hydrochloride in parallel to our findings. Also, the resistance rates determined in this study for the chicken isolates were in agreement with previous reports for tetracycline (5,12), oxytetracycline (10), ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin (5), enrofloxacin and penicillin G (14), cephalexin and cephazolin (3), streptomycin and ampicillin (3,5,12), amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (3), and ceftiofur (10). The resistance rate observed in the broiler isolates for sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim 19:1 was relatively lower than previously reported by Ishihara et al (10) in chicken isolates.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In recent years, there are several reports on Salmonella isolates that are resistant to several antimicrobial agents (Multi Drug Resistant -MDR) both in the developed and developing countries from chicken meat (4,15,17,18,21,22,23), and from chickens (3,5,7,10,12). The emergence of these MDR Salmonella has significant outcomes for the safety of the food supply, namely chicken meat, directly as a source of MDR Salmonella, and indirectly as a reservoir of antimicrobial genetic elements that can be exchanged between intestinal bacteria (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic resistance phenotypes of Salmonella isolates of broiler meat and chicken origin

Seran;KAHYA¹

2012

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Summary:This study aims to determine the antibiotic resistance phenotypes of Salmonella isolates of broiler meat and chicken samples against a total of 23 antimicrobial agents. For this, 64 meat and 79 chicken Salmonella isolates, which were obtained from retail meat and farm samples analyzed in our laboratory from February 2006 to January 2009, were used. All Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least 4 antimicrobials tested, with the common highest resistance rates to erythromycin (100.0%), bacitracin (99.3%), and rifampicin (98.6%), regardless of the sample type. Additionally, meat isolates were 100.0% resistant to bacitracin, clindamycin, erythromycin, rifampicin, and chicken isolates were 100.0% resistant to erythromycin, spiramycin, penicillin G, doxycycline hydrochloride, and tetracycline. Four to 7 Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Salmonella conformed 82.83% of all meat isolates, and 10, 12, 15, and 17 MDR Salmonella conformed 55.68% of all chicken isolates analyzed. The B/DA/E/RD and N/B/CT/E/SP/P/RD/DO/OT/TE resistances were the most common patterns as 35.94% and 13.92% within meat and chicken isolates, respectively. The considerably high resistance rates and MDR types to commonly used antimicrobial agents among the Salmonella isolates tested pose a significant risk factor for the treatment of foodborne Salmonella infections in humans.Keywords: Salmonella, chicken, broiler meat, antimicrobial resistance. Tavuk eti ve tavuk orijinli Salmonella izolatlarında antibiyotik dirençlilik fenotipleriÖzet: Bu çalışmada tavuk eti ve tavuk orijinli Salmonella izolatlarında 23 antimikrobiyal ajana karşı dirençlilik fenotiplerinin belirlenmesi amacı ile perakende satış yerleri ve çiftlik örneklerinden elde edilen 64 adet et ve 79 adet tavuk Salmonella izolatı, Şubat 2006 ile Ocak 2009 arasında laboratuvarımızda analiz edildi. Tüm Salmonella izolatlarının, örnek tipi göz önünde bulundurulmaksızın, test edilen antimikrobiyalleden en yüksek direnç oranı ile sırası ile eritromisin'e (%100.0), basitrasin'e (%99.3) ve rifampisin'e (%98.6) olmak üzere en az 4 antimikrobiyale dirençli olduğu belirlendi. Ayrıca, et izolatlarının basitrasin, klindamisin, eritromisin, rifampisin'e; tavuk izolatlarının ise eritromisin, spiramisin, penisilin G, doksisiklin hidroklorür ve tetrasiklin'e %100.0 dirençli olduğu bulundu. Tüm et izolatlarının %82.83'ü 4 ile 7 Çoklu İlaç Direnci (ÇİD) gösterirken, tüm tavuk izolatlarının %55.68'i 10, 12, 15 ve 17 antimikrobiyale ÇİD gösterdiği belirlendi. Et izolatlarında %35.94 oranında ve tavuk izolatlarında ise %13.92 oranında olmak üzere en sık rastlanan ÇİD paternleri sırasıyla B/DA/E/RD ve N/B/CT/E/SP/P/RD/DO/OT/TE olarak bulundu. Salmonella izolatlarında karşılaşılan bu yüksek dirençlilik oranlarının ve ÇİD paternlerinin insanlardaki Salmonella infeksiyonlarının tedavisinde risk oluşturabileceği belirtildi.

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“…The minimum required sample size was calculated based on an expected prevalence of 15.4% [23] with 95% desired confidence interval and 5% absolute precision using the formula described in Thrusfield et al [29]. Accordingly, 270 chickens (100 from BPMC, 90 from HPMC and 80 from Hawassa commercial farm) were sampled.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The limited studies have reported the presence of multidrug resistant Salmonella strains in chicken farms [22, 23], which cannot be killed by antimicrobials and hence increase the morbidity, mortality and costs associated disease. Overall, studies conducted on Salmonella in Ethiopia are scarce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the sources and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from the poultry industry in Southern Ethiopia

Abdi

Mengstie²,

Beyi

et al. 2017

BMC Infect Dis

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BackgroundEthiopia set an ambitious masterplan to increase chicken meat and egg production from 2015 to 2020. Poultry breeding, multiplication and distribution centers in the country have received executive order to import, amplify and distribute commercial chickens to end users. The biosecurity and the pathogen fauna of the centers have not been evaluated as to whether the centers could implement the mission effectively without any risk. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the biosecurity practices and the pathogen prevalence, risk factors and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) using Salmonella as case study.MethodsRoutine farm workers of the centers were interviewed about the different management (biosecurity) practices using a checklist. Samples (n = 270) from different sources consisting of chicken’s cloacal swab (n = 244), personnel hand swab (n = 9) and bedding (n = 17) were collected from three chicken multiplication centers. Standard bacteriological methods were used for the isolation of Salmonella. Disk diffusion method was used for drug sensitivity testing.ResultsAntimicrobials were often over prescribed without confirming the cause of ill health and without susceptibility testing. The general biosecurity and flock management practices were substandard. Salmonella was isolated from 45 (16.7%) of the 270 samples. Its prevalence was significantly (p<0.05) associated with location of the multiplication center, 27% at Bonga and 10.6% at Hawassa. Sample type was also significantly (p<0.05) affected in that it was higher in the bedding (35.3%) and personnel hand swabs (33.3%) than in the chicken cloaca (14.8%), which demonstrates the poor biosecurity and personnel hygienic practices in the centers. All of the 45 isolates (100%) exhibited resistance to kanamycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid (97.8%), ampicillin (97.8%), cefoxitin (97.8%), streptomycin (97.8%) tetracycline (97.8%), chloramphenicol (91.3%), ciprofloxacin (31.1%), and gentamicin (0%). Alarmingly, 42 isolates (93.4%) exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) to ≥ 8 drugs and all 45 isolates had resistance to ≥ 3 drugs. The high rate of Salmonella isolation from (i) bedding, (ii) personnel hand swabs (iii) chickens, (iv) presence of more MDR isolates, (v) coupled with poor biosecurity practices in the centers could pose a risk for spreading of pathogens and drug resistant genes to the smallholder chicken producers and the public.ConclusionsWe conclude that the poultry breeding, multiplication and distribution centers in Ethiopia, as they stand currently, seem to be a source of pathogens and AMR isolates at least for Salmonella. Therefore, strict biosecurity, personnel safety, prudent drug use, regular monitoring and traceability of Salmonella serotypes or genotypes and AMR are recommended.

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Distribution of drug resistance among enterococci and Salmonella from poultry and cattle in Ethiopia

Cited by 38 publications

References 24 publications

Prevalence of vancomycin resistant Enterococci and associated risk factors among clients with and without HIV in Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Prevalence of vancomycin resistant Enterococci and associated risk factors among clients with and without HIV in Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Antibiotic resistance phenotypes of Salmonella isolates of broiler meat and chicken origin

Determination of the sources and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from the poultry industry in Southern Ethiopia

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