Distribution of cell-wall polysaccharides and proteins during growth of the hemp hypocotyl

Behr, Marc; Faleri, Claudia; Hausman, Jean-François; Planchon, Sébastien; Renaut, Jenny; Cai, Giampiero; Guerriero, Gea

doi:10.1007/s00425-019-03245-9

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…We analyzed olive leaves of both varieties taken at 3 selected time points (T0, T4, and T8). The protocol is detailed in Behr et al [ 64 ]. For transmission electron microscopy (TEM), samples were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer (0.066 M, pH 7.2), for 1 h at room temperature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olive Varieties under UV-B Stress Show Distinct Responses in Terms of Antioxidant Machinery and Isoform/Activity of RubisCO

Piccini

Cai

Dias

et al. 2021

IJMS

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In recent decades, atmospheric pollution led to a progressive reduction of the ozone layer with a consequent increase in UV-B radiation. Despite the high adaptation of olive trees to the Mediterranean environment, the progressive increase of UV-B radiation is a risk factor for olive tree cultivation. It is therefore necessary to understand how high levels of UV-B radiation affect olive plants and to identify olive varieties which are better adapted. In this study we analyzed two Italian olive varieties subjected to chronic UV-B stress. We focused on the effects of UV-B radiation on RubisCO, in terms of quantity, enzymatic activity and isoform composition. In addition, we also analyzed changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPox) to get a comprehensive picture of the antioxidant system. We also evaluated the effects of UV-B on the enzyme sucrose synthase. The overall damage at biochemical level was also assessed by analyzing changes in Hsp70, a protein triggered under stress conditions. The results of this work indicate that the varieties (Giarraffa and Olivastra Seggianese) differ significantly in the use of specific antioxidant defense systems, as well as in the activity and isoform composition of RubisCO. Combined with a different use of sucrose synthase, the overall picture shows that Giarraffa optimized the use of GPox and opted for a targeted choice of RubisCO isoforms, in addition to managing the content of sucrose synthase, thereby saving energy during critical stress points.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olive Varieties under UV-B Stress Show Distinct Responses in Terms of Antioxidant Machinery and Isoform/Activity of RubisCO

Piccini

Cai

Dias

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…The RG-I with long galactan side chains is crucial in forming specific tertiary cell wall architecture (Gorshkova et al, 2010(Gorshkova et al, , 2018Guedes et al, 2017). Either a galactan or RG-I backbone can be labeled in tertiary cell walls using LM5 or RU2 antibodies, respectively, depending on the plant species (Gorshkova et al, 2004;Chernova et al, 2018;Behr et al, 2019). The binding of LM5 to the thickened cell walls of xylem fibers was detected on the pulling side of the inclined flax (Figure 2).…”

Section: Xylem Fibers Deposit Tertiary Cell Wall In the Gravitropic Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These layers have an exceedingly high content of cellulose (Norberg and Meier, 1966) and close to axial orientation of cellulose microfibrils (Clair et al, 2011). Xylan is absent (Gorshkova et al, 2015;Chernova et al, 2018;Behr et al, 2019), as is lignin (Love et al, 1994;Kaku et al, 2009;Gorshkova et al, 2012). The latter, however, can sometimes be deposited at a late stage of fiber maturation (Roussel and Clair, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Wall Layer Induced in Xylem Fibers of Flax Upon Gravistimulation Is Similar to Constitutively Formed Cell Walls of Bast Fibers

et al. 2021

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In the fibers of many plant species after the formation of secondary cell walls, cellulose-enriched cell wall layers (often named G-layers or tertiary cell walls) are deposited which are important in many physiological situations. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) phloem fibers constitutively develop tertiary cell walls during normal plant growth. During the gravitropic response after plant inclination, the deposition of a cellulose-enriched cell wall layer is induced in xylem fibers on one side of the stem, providing a system similar to that of tension wood in angiosperm trees. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), immunochemistry, and transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that the G-layer induced in flax xylem fibers was similar to the constitutively formed tertiary cell wall of bast (phloem) fibers but different from the secondary cell wall. The tertiary cell walls, independent of tissue of origin and inducibility, were twice as stiff as the secondary cell walls. In the gravitropic response, the tertiary cell wall deposition rate in xylem was higher than that of the secondary cell wall. Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) with galactan side chains was a prominent component in cellulose-rich layers of both phloem and xylem flax fibers. Transcriptomic events underlying G-layer deposition in phloem and xylem fibers had much in common. At the induction of tertiary cell wall deposition, several genes for rhamnosyltransferases of the GT106 family were activated in xylem samples. The same genes were expressed in the isolated phloem fibers depositing the tertiary cell wall. The comparison of transcriptomes in fibers with both inducible and constitutive tertiary cell wall deposition and xylem tissues that formed the secondary cell walls is an effective system that revealed important molecular players involved in the formation of cellulose-enriched cell walls.

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“…Cellulose crystallinity varies with the plants' tissue type and age. An emblematic example is represented by fiber crops: Recently we have shown that, during development, the gelatinous layer in the bast fibers of the hemp hypocotyl undergoes compaction with the transition from a fibrillary texture to a homogeneous layer [13]. As the hypocotyl ages, cellulose crystallinity is a mechanical requirement for the bast fibers which support the stem and, more specifically, the vascular tissue (phloem) of the growing plant.…”

Section: Properties Of Plant Fibers and Characterization Of Cellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasma treatment of ramie fibers was used to increase the microroughness of the surface, hence increasing the surface area available for bonding [12]: After only one minute of treatment, nanostructures caused by the exposed cellulose microfibrils were visible and an increased wettability (using a mixture of phenolic resin and its catalyst as test liquid) was recorded. Among the chemical treatments, the use of alkali (i.e., mercerization) is one of the most common: NaOH is used to remove pectins and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, thereby disassembling the bundles and making the fiber surface rougher and cleaner [13]. The alkali treatment affects the tensile properties of the fibers by affecting the cellulose crystalline lattice (cellulose-I polymorph): Swelling is induced, as Na+ penetrates the pores of the lattice, thereby favoring the entry of water molecules which will increase the distance between the cellulose fibrils [21].…”

Section: Figure 2 Cartoon Showing the Crystalline And Amorphous Regimentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Fibers and Phenolics: A Review on Their Synthesis, Analysis and Combined Use for Biomaterials with New Properties

Berni

Cai

Hausman

et al. 2019

Fibers

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Devising environmental-friendly processes in biotechnology is a priority in the current economic scenario. We are witnessing a constant and steady push towards finding sustainable solutions to societal challenges by promoting innovation-driven activities minimizing the environmental impact and valorizing natural resources. In bioeconomy, plants are among the most important renewable sources of both fibers (woody and cellulosic) and phytochemicals, which find applications in many industrial sectors, spanning from the textile, to the biocomposite, medical, nutraceutical, and pharma sectors. Given the key role of plants as natural sources of (macro)molecules, we here provide a compendium on the use of plant fibers functionalized/impregnated with phytochemicals (in particular phenolic extracts). The goal is to review the various applications of natural fibers functionalized with plant phenolics and to valorize those plants that are source of both fibers and phytochemicals.Fibers 2019, 7, 80 2 of 17 secreting enzymes acting on cell wall polysaccharides [7] (e.g., pectinases degrading the middle lamellas which "glue" together the bundles of bast fibers).Fibers 2019, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 17 (fungi, such as Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota and bacteria belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes [6]) secreting enzymes acting on cell wall polysaccharides [7] (e.g., pectinases degrading the middle lamellas which "glue" together the bundles of bast fibers). Figure 1. Cross section of the stem of a representative fiber crop, stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.), and details of enzyme-treated cortical peels with some separated bast fibers. (a) Transversal cross section stained with Safranin and Alcian blue (FASGA staining), showing in blue the cellulosic bast fibers and in red lignin; (b) cortical peels separated from the stem bottom internodes and treated for 24 h at 50 °C with TEXAZYM BFE (INOTEX Ltd, Czech Republic) showing some separated bast fibers; the inset shows one separated bast fiber.The use of plant fibers provides several advantages, namely breathability and comfort in case of skin irritations/allergies [8]. Adding to them anti-microbial and anti-oxidant effects greatly widens their spectrum of applications to, for example, the manufacture of technical textiles, such as those used for wound healing. Notably, plants are also rich sources of phytochemicals showing antioxidant and bactericidal/fungicidal effects. Some plant species, such as the fiber crops hemp and nettle, are multi-purpose, as they produce both high yields of cellulosic fibers and phytochemicals [2,9].In this review we will illustrate recent examples of natural fibers functionalized (i.e., with a chemical bond) or impregnated with phytochemicals (more specifically phenolics which show strong antimicrobial activities thanks to their chemical heterogeneity [10]). The goal is to highlight the value of plants as renewable resources of biomass (fibers) on one hand and of molecules with biological effe...

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Distribution of cell-wall polysaccharides and proteins during growth of the hemp hypocotyl

Abstract: Main conclusion The immuno-ultrastructural investigation localized cell-wall polysaccharides of bast fibers during hemp hypocotyl growth. Moreover, for the first time, the localization of a peroxidase and laccase is provided in textile hemp.

Cited by 12 publications

References 59 publications

Olive Varieties under UV-B Stress Show Distinct Responses in Terms of Antioxidant Machinery and Isoform/Activity of RubisCO

Olive Varieties under UV-B Stress Show Distinct Responses in Terms of Antioxidant Machinery and Isoform/Activity of RubisCO

Cell Wall Layer Induced in Xylem Fibers of Flax Upon Gravistimulation Is Similar to Constitutively Formed Cell Walls of Bast Fibers

Plant Fibers and Phenolics: A Review on Their Synthesis, Analysis and Combined Use for Biomaterials with New Properties

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