Distribution of Botulinum Toxin-Producing Clostridia in Soils of Argentina

Abstract

We studied the presence of botulinum toxin-producing clostridia in 2,009 soil samples from five geographical regions of Argentina. The prevalence was 23.5%, and the distribution was not homogeneous among the regions. We observed a great multiplicity of serological types and a higher prevalence in nonvirgin soils than in virgin soils.The geographical distribution of botulinum toxin-producing clostridia (BTPC) (7) has been extensively studied in Europe, Asia, and North America (1,2,4,5,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,18,19,20,21,23,24,25,26). However, our knowledge concerning the presence of these anaerobes in South America is very restricted. In this study our principal aim was to examine the prevalence and distribution of BTPC in soils of Argentina.We examined 2,009 soil samples from Argentina. Because of the vast the territory and the climate and geographical variations, this country was divided into five regions ( Fig. 1 and Table 1). Soil samples were obtained and processed from 1964 until 2002. In each case the time between collection and examination was less than 2 days. Each sample was collected from a 100-cm 2 area by using a sterile metal spoon and then was transferred to a sterile receptacle and stored at room temperature until examination. Soils were classified into two categories: virgin and nonvirgin. Virgin soils were defined as soils that still were in their natural state and had not been used or changed by people. Nonvirgin soils were defined as soils that had been changed by people (cultivated, urbanized, and industrialized soils). Samples were processed by diluting 25 g of soil in 50 ml of a saline solution (0.15 M NaCl). Two aliquots were taken after 40 min of resting. One aliquot was immediately inoculated into chopped-meat medium (6). The other aliquot was subjected to a heat shock (80°C, 10 min) and later was inoculated into chopped-meat medium. After incubation for 5 days at 31°C, broth media were centrifuged at 12,000 ϫ g for 10 min at 4°C, and 0.5 ml was inoculated in duplicate intraperitoneally into mice. Mice were observed for 96 h for characteristic botulinal signs and death (14). Cultures without signs of proteolysis were treated by mixing equal volumes of the culture supernatant and 1% trypsin (1:250; Difco), followed by incubation at 37°C for 1 h. Toxic cultures were cultivated in solid media with 1.5% and 4.0% agar (0.4% meat extract, 1.0% glucose, 4.0% Proteose Peptone, 0.5% NaCl, 1.5% or 4.0% agar [pH 7.2]) and egg yolk agar (3). They were incubated for up to 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, at 34°C in BBL jars with an atmosphere containing 80% N 2 , 10% CO 2 , and 10% H 2 . Selected colonies were transferred to chopped-meat medium and incubated for 4 days at 31°C. The presence of botulinum toxin was investigated in each of these cultures, as described previously. Toxic broth media were cultivated in solid media to ensure that the cultures were pure. Genera were identified by using gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, and sporulated bacilli. Species were not identified. Strains were cultivate...

Global Occurrence of Infant Botulism, 1976–2006

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“…106 As occurs in the United States, 107 in most countries the toxin types of C botulinum that caused cases of infant botulism reflected the geographical distribution of toxin types of C botulinum spores found in that country's environment. [108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116] However, some cases with a history of honey exposure were found to be affected by C botulinum toxin types that are not native to their environment. For example, all 4 cases reported in Norway showed a history of honey exposure and were type A, although C botulinum type A has not been found in soil in Norway 111 or in honey produced in Norway.…”

Sequence Diversity of Genes Encoding Botulinum Neurotoxin Type F

“…Among 68 outbreaks of serotype-confirmed food-borne botulism in Argentina between 1922 and 2007, type F was isolated in two outbreaks, and type Af was isolated in one outbreak. In addition, Lúquez et al (26) reported isolation of type F and Af strains from Argentine soils.…”

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