Distribution of Antigens in the Developing Newt Embryo

Clayton, R. M.

doi:10.1242/dev.1.1.25

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…If As a logical consequence of this hypothesis, the segregation of ectoderm and endoderm cells from each other, in Holtfreter's solution or normal serum, into two separate aggregates, would indicate that different surface antigens are present on cells of each of the two tissues. Recent evidence obtained by Clayton (1953) with Triton alpestris embryos, seems to indicate that ectoderm and mesoderm, at least, contain different antigens. However, endoderm antigens were not investigated and the location of these antigens in the cell was not determined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Role of Specific Surface Antigens in Cell Adhesion. Part Ii. Studies on Embryonic Amphibian Cells

Spiegel

1954

The Biological Bulletin

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Holtfreter (1943) first demonstrated that embryonic amphibian cells could be disaggregated by exposure to his standard solution (Holtfreter, 1931) at high pH.Townes (unpubl.) has utilized this technique to investigate the problem of cell affinities. The following account is based on these previous investigations.If an amphibian gastrula or neurula is exposed to Holtfreter's solution at a pH greater than 9.6, the pigmented surface coat becomes soft and is partially dissolved."Within a few minutes cracks appear in it ; new disruptions follow, until the whole surface is broken up into small dark islets, surrounded by much larger white interfaces. A closer examination reveals that each islet is the centre of a group of cells, attached to it in a radial orientation" (Holtfreter, 1943; p. 292).Under the action of the alkali, the surface coat, which is disrupted at the cell boundaries, retracts in the form of a black cap to the pole of each cell. This cap progressively decreases in size as pigment streams to the interior of the cell.Within 20 minutes, the entire gastrula or neurula is a heap of dissociated spherical cells which can be separated from one another with a glass needle. If the solution is now removed and replaced with 2-3 changes of Holtfreter's solution at pH 7.8, the entire process is reversed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Role of Specific Surface Antigens in Cell Adhesion. Part Ii. Studies on Embryonic Amphibian Cells

Spiegel

1954

The Biological Bulletin

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“…The antigenicity of embryonic tissues has been demonstrated in several species, for example in amphibians (Cooper, 1948(Cooper, , 1950; Flickinger and Nace, 1952;Clayton, 1953) and in the sea urchin (Perlmann, 1954;Perlmann and Perlmann, 1957). Much of the earlier literature has been reviewed by Tyler (1955Tyler ( , 1957.…”

Section: Altonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic Effects of Normal Sera and Homologous Antisera on the Chick Embryo

Mun

1958

The Biological Bulletin

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The possibility of identifying embryonic antigens of unique function, of localizing their sites of origin and action, and of manipulating them experimentally in order to analyze their developmental significance by the use of specific toxic sera at lethal or sub-lethal doses was advanced by Nace (1955). By modifying the normal function of an antigen with sub-lethal doses of a toxic antiserum, a specific anomaly may be produced, affording a key to the localization and the time and nature of the action of the antigen. Similar arguments have been advanced by those who have sought to block the growth of tumors with specific antisera (reviewed by Ross, 1957;Wissler and Flax, 1957). However, before this approach can be employed critically in studying the synthesis of specific antigens and their role in development, the following questions must be considered : ( 1 ) Are the proteins and other macromolecules of the embryo antigenic ? Or does the embryo contain a population of molecules capable of reacting with antibody produced against adult antigens but incapable of eliciting antibody production? The distinction must be made between the occurrence in embryos of combining groups identical with those of adult antigens and the occurrence of embryonic antigens (Ebert, 1958a). ( 2) What are the effects of antisera on the embryo? Does the reaction between antigen and antibody, in vivo, result in measurable modifications of, or interference with, biological function? As a general rule, tissue-specific molecules exhibit species-specificity to some degree, making analysis by immunochemical techniques possible ; the principal advantage of these methods is their exquisite sensitivity, which makes possible the analysis of the rate of synthesis and accumulation and site of localization of proteins or other macromolecules present in embryos in trace amounts. The principal difficulty, one which is often not appreciated, is that antigenic specificity depends upon relatively small determinant groups rather than on the complete structure of the molecule, and that the molecule may contain more than one kind of determinant group. Little is known of the kind, number, and size of determinant groups of natural proteins. The antigenically active groups and physiologically active groups of a molecule may not be

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The influence of antibodies on the induction system of the amphibian embryo cultured in vitro

Inoue

1962

Developmental Biology

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Distribution of Antigens in the Developing Newt Embryo

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

The Role of Specific Surface Antigens in Cell Adhesion. Part Ii. Studies on Embryonic Amphibian Cells

The Role of Specific Surface Antigens in Cell Adhesion. Part Ii. Studies on Embryonic Amphibian Cells

Toxic Effects of Normal Sera and Homologous Antisera on the Chick Embryo

The influence of antibodies on the induction system of the amphibian embryo cultured in vitro

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