Distribution of anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> in the Pacific Ocean

Sabine, C. L.; Feely, Richard A.; Key, Robert M.; Bullister, John L.; Millero, Frank J.; Lee, K.; Peng, Tsung‐Hung; Tilbrook, Bronte; Ono, Tsueno; Wong, C. S.

doi:10.1029/2001gb001639

Cited by 142 publications

(232 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Chen (1994) concluded, that the CO 2 excess in the Cape Adare region does not penetrate deeper than a few hundred metres south of the Polar Front and that the Ross Sea was probably not a significant sink for CO 2 . Nevertheless, results here presented are in agreement with recent estimates in the Indian Pacific sector of the Antarctic continent (WOCE line SR3) (Sabine et al 2002) and between South Africa and Antarctica (WOCE line I6) (LoMonaco et al 2005a). They further confirm that a significant amount of anthropogenic carbon penetrates in and is actually stored into the Southern Ocean.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Anthropogenic carbon distribution in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

et al. 2007

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The Ross Sea is an area of dense water formation within the Southern Ocean, hence it potentially plays an important role for anthropogenic CO 2 sequestration : In order to estimate the penetration of anthropogenic carbon in the Ross Sea from total inorganic carbon (TCO 2 ) measurements carried out in 2002 -03 Antarctic Italian Expedition, we applied two independent models. Anthropogenic carbon was present throughout the water column. The highest concentrations were associated with the recently ventilated shelf waters, namely High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW) and Ice Shelf Water (ISW), due to their recent contact with the atmosphere. The lowest concentrations were observed for Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), due to its relatively older ventilation age. This water mass intrudes onto the shelf in some parts of the Ross Sea and hence is observed in the sampled section, where it is recognizable for its low O 2 and high TCO 2 concentrations. The overflow of the dense High Salinity Shelf Water out of the continental slope was observed in the area off Cape Adare. Since this recently formed shelf water contributes to the formation of the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), this process represents a pathway for anthropogenic carbon export down to the deep ocean.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Anthropogenic carbon distribution in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

et al. 2007

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“…where TA • is preformed TA, calculated by using the equation of Sabine et al (2002). DIC CaCO 3 significantly increased at a rate of 0.3 ± 0.1 µmol kg −1 yr −1 (p < 0.0001) (Fig.…”

Section: +063(16/170aou)mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Changes of DIC along an isopycnal surface of subsurface water are controlled by the gas exchange of CO 2 at the air-sea interface (DIC air-sea ), the decomposition of organic matter (DIC org ) and the dissolution of calcium carbonate (DIC CaCO 3 ). We can express the observed DIC change ( DIC obs ), as follows (e.g., Sabine et al, 2002):…”

Section: Contribution Of the Dic Increase To Enhanced Acidificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocean acidification from 1997 to 2011 in the subarctic western North Pacific Ocean

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Rising atmospheric CO 2 contents have led to greater CO 2 uptake by the oceans, lowering both pH due to increasing hydrogen ions and CaCO 3 saturation states due to declining carbonate ion (CO 2− 3 ). Here we used previously compiled data sets and new data collected in 2010 and 2011 to investigate ocean acidification of the North Pacific western subarctic gyre. In winter, the western subarctic gyre is a source of CO 2 to the atmosphere because of convective mixing of deep waters rich in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). We calculated pH in winter mixed layer from DIC and total alkalinity (TA), and found that it decreased at the rate of −0.0011 ± 0.0004 yr −1 from 1997 to 2011. This decrease rate is slower than that expected under the condition of seawater/atmosphere equilibration, and it is also slower than the rate in the subtropical regions (−0.002 yr −1 ). The slow rate is caused by a reduction of CO 2 emission in winter due to an increase in TA. Below the mixed layer, the calcite saturation horizon (∼ 185 m depth) shoaled at the rate of 2.9 ± 0.9 m yr −1 as the result of the declining CO 2− 3 concentration (−0.03 ± 0.01 µmol kg −1 yr −1 ). Between 200 m and 300 m depth, pH decline during the study period (−0.0051 ± 0.0010 yr −1 ) was larger than ever reported in the open North Pacific. This enhanced acidification rate below the calcite saturation horizon reflected not only the uptake of anthropogenic CO 2 but also the increase in the decomposition of organic matter evaluated from the increase in AOU, which suggests that the dissolution of CaCO 3 particles increased.

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“…The eOMP consists of a system of linear equations built from relationships of conservative and non-conservative tracers that is solved by minimizing the residuals using a nonnegative least square routine. The OMP has been used successfully in previous studies with similar needs for solving water mass mixing (Karstensen and Tomczak, 1998;Sabine et al, 2002;Lee et al, 2003;Álvarez et al, 2004).…”

Section: A C C E P T E Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

The subsurface layer reference to calculate preformed alkalinity and air–sea CO2 disequilibrium in the Atlantic Ocean

Vázquez-Rodríguez

Pad́ın

Pardo

et al. 2012

Journal of Marine Systems

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The subsurface ocean layer (100-200 m deep) is suggested as a reference to parameterize preformed alkalinity (A T º) and air-sea CO 2 disequilibrium (C dis ) in the Atlantic. Results suggest that this domain retains the memory of water mass formation (WMF) conditions over annual periods and avoids the large, short-term variability of the uppermost layers. Its thermohaline variability also encompasses and represents all water masses that outcrop in the Atlantic. Subsurface data also avoids the scarcity of late wintertime surface observations and benefit from the larger availability of yearround measurements, thus enhancing their representativeness and application coverage.This last feature is most relevant in high Atlantic latitudes, where WMF typically occurs and the widespread ice sheets often preclude surface pCO 2 sampling during wintertime.The obtained A T º and C dis parameterizations achieve uncertainties of 4.6 and 5.6 mol kg -1 , respectively, improving significantly the estimates in previous works, particularly in the high latitudes. The A T º parameterization is well correlated with observations and is coherent with the latitudinal subsurface distribution of silicate, particularly in the northern subpolar region, where previous studies showed discrepancies. The C dis estimates in the upper layers are coherent with air-sea ∆pCO 2 data from Takahashi´s climatology, thus tackling known important shortcomings and biases of anthropogenic CO 2 estimates in Atlantic waters.

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Distribution of anthropogenic CO₂ in the Pacific Ocean

Cited by 142 publications

References 58 publications

Anthropogenic carbon distribution in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Anthropogenic carbon distribution in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Ocean acidification from 1997 to 2011 in the subarctic western North Pacific Ocean

The subsurface layer reference to calculate preformed alkalinity and air–sea CO2 disequilibrium in the Atlantic Ocean

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Distribution of anthropogenic CO2 in the Pacific Ocean

Cited by 142 publications

References 58 publications

Anthropogenic carbon distribution in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Anthropogenic carbon distribution in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Ocean acidification from 1997 to 2011 in the subarctic western North Pacific Ocean

The subsurface layer reference to calculate preformed alkalinity and air–sea CO2 disequilibrium in the Atlantic Ocean

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Distribution of anthropogenic CO₂ in the Pacific Ocean