Distribution of antenatal alloimmunization in the southern districts of West Bengal and its significant associated factor

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Detection of maternal irregular antibodies against red blood cell antigen is vital in the management of hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn. There are no uniform guidelines related to antenatal antibody screening and identification in the developing Country like India. This study was aimed to identify such alloimmunization and its associations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted on antenatal mothers at a tertiary care center. The mothers having a history of anti-D administration, blood transfusion, and autoimmune disorders were excluded from the study. Initial indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) was performed in all blood samples by conventional tube technique (CTT) to identify alloimmunization. IAT-positive samples were screened for irregular antibody by column agglutination technology (CAT). Antibody screen-positive samples were further analyzed in 11-cell panel by CAT. Antibody strength was measured by serial double dilution by CTT. The source of isoimmunization was identified by extended Rh phenotype of women, husband, and newborn. RESULTS: A total of 12 (2.3%) women out of 530 were positive for IAT and antibody screen. Antibody could be identified in 11 women, of which anti-D (5) was the most common, followed by anti-C + anti-D (4), anti-C + anti-E (1), and anti-C (1). All four cases of anti-D + anti-C were distinguished from anti-G by differential adsorption and elution. There was a significant association with alloimmunization versus increased gravid status, antepartum hemorrhage, and past history of newborns with neonatal jaundice. CONCLUSION: All pregnant women with history of antepartum haemorrhage, newborn with neonatal jundice should be screened for alloantibody for early detection and better management of HDFN.

Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization in Pregnancy: A Review of the Pathophysiology, Prevalence, and Risk Factors

“…Certain ethnic groups may have a higher frequency of certain antigens, while others may have a lower frequency. In Asian countries, antibodies toward Rhesus antigen showed the highest prevalence with anti-E and anti-D, respectively [ 4 , 30 , 37 , 38 ], while, among Caucasian, anti-K is the most common [ 22 , 23 , 26 , 30 , 31 , 36 , 44 ]. This means that individuals from different ethnic groups may be more or less likely to develop alloimmunization in response to exposure to certain antigens.…”