Abstract:Background: The successful application of Fish plasma model (FPM) will greatly simplify the risk assessment of drugs. At present, the FPM has been applied to the risk assessment of several human drugs with high hydrophobicity. However, its applicability to a wide variety of compounds needs to be tested. Field work about distribution characteristics of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water and in fish plasma plays a key role in promoting the successful application of FPM. However, there are few reports… Show more
“…Only a handful of studies have investigated the distribution of pharmaceuticals within the bodies of exposed wild fish , where drug accumulation is compound- and species-specific. , Instead, the majority of distribution data available for pharmaceuticals in fish are from time-course laboratory bioconcentration studies. In one such study, atenolol and venlafaxine displayed tissue-specific distribution in zebrafish, with bioaccumulation directly correlating with the lipid content of each tissue .…”
Section: Susceptibility Of Fish To Human Apis In the Environment –
In...mentioning
The increasing levels and frequencies at which active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are being detected in the environment are of significant concern, especially considering the potential adverse effects they may have on nontarget species such as fish. With many pharmaceuticals lacking environmental risk assessments, there is a need to better define and understand the potential risks that APIs and their biotransformation products pose to fish, while still minimizing the use of experimental animals. There are both extrinsic (environmentand drug-related) and intrinsic (fish-related) factors that make fish potentially vulnerable to the effects of human drugs, but which are not necessarily captured in nonfish tests. This critical review explores these factors, particularly focusing on the distinctive physiological processes in fish that underlie drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET). Focal points include the impact of fish life stage and species on drug absorption (A) via multiple routes; the potential implications of fish's unique blood pH and plasma composition on the distribution (D) of drug molecules throughout the body; how fish's endothermic nature and the varied expression and activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in their tissues may affect drug metabolism (M); and how their distinctive physiologies may impact the relative contribution of different excretory organs to the excretion (E) of APIs and metabolites. These discussions give insight into where existing data on drug properties, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics from mammalian and clinical studies may or may not help to inform on environmental risks of APIs in fish.
“…Only a handful of studies have investigated the distribution of pharmaceuticals within the bodies of exposed wild fish , where drug accumulation is compound- and species-specific. , Instead, the majority of distribution data available for pharmaceuticals in fish are from time-course laboratory bioconcentration studies. In one such study, atenolol and venlafaxine displayed tissue-specific distribution in zebrafish, with bioaccumulation directly correlating with the lipid content of each tissue .…”
Section: Susceptibility Of Fish To Human Apis In the Environment –
In...mentioning
The increasing levels and frequencies at which active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are being detected in the environment are of significant concern, especially considering the potential adverse effects they may have on nontarget species such as fish. With many pharmaceuticals lacking environmental risk assessments, there is a need to better define and understand the potential risks that APIs and their biotransformation products pose to fish, while still minimizing the use of experimental animals. There are both extrinsic (environmentand drug-related) and intrinsic (fish-related) factors that make fish potentially vulnerable to the effects of human drugs, but which are not necessarily captured in nonfish tests. This critical review explores these factors, particularly focusing on the distinctive physiological processes in fish that underlie drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET). Focal points include the impact of fish life stage and species on drug absorption (A) via multiple routes; the potential implications of fish's unique blood pH and plasma composition on the distribution (D) of drug molecules throughout the body; how fish's endothermic nature and the varied expression and activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in their tissues may affect drug metabolism (M); and how their distinctive physiologies may impact the relative contribution of different excretory organs to the excretion (E) of APIs and metabolites. These discussions give insight into where existing data on drug properties, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics from mammalian and clinical studies may or may not help to inform on environmental risks of APIs in fish.
“…In short, the reliability of FPC prediction by the FPM for polar drugs and certain fish species needs further verification. Our previous work 16 on 31 polar endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the plasma of wild fish from Lake Taihu showed that the bioaccumulation of EDCs in fish plasma is not only dependent on hydrophobicity but also fish species-specific and compound-dependent. The classic FPM was appropriate for only a few EDCs (7 of 20), and the FPM underestimated the log BAFs (bioaccumulation factors) of the most less hydrophobic EDCs (log Kow : 1.5–3.5, 11 out of 20) while overestimating the log BAFs of several relatively higher hydrophobic EDCs (log Kow : 3.87–5.9) in fish plasma.…”
Solid phase extraction combined with ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the simultaneous determination of 31 endocrine‐disrupting chemicals in fish plasma. The strong anion exchange/primary‐secondary amine cartridge and the mixed cation exchange cartridge were used in tandem instead of using a single mixed cation exchange cartridge for sample purification. Suitable eluents were selected for each of the two cartridges: 4.5% ammonia/acetonitrile solution for cartridges in tandem and acetone:n‐hexane (V:V = 3:7) for the strong anion exchange/primary‐secondary amine cartridge alone. With this optimized Solid phase extraction method, the recoveries of 31 endocrine disrupting chemicals were between 43.0% and 131.3%, the method detection limits were 0.45 to 1.35 ng/ml, and the limits of quantitation were 1.50–4.50 ng/ml. The innovative pretreatment method that connects two cartridges in tandem is well positioned to mitigate the matrix effects of fish plasma, thereby improving the accuracy of multiclass endocrine‐disrupting chemicals determination. The significance of this method is to facilitate the application of the fish plasma model for the environmental risk assessment of endocrine‐disrupting chemicals.
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