Distribution and population genetic structure of river‐ and sea‐type sockeye salmon in western North America

Gustafson, Rick; Winans, Gary A.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0633.1999.tb00069.x

Cited by 37 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Extant populations of the sea/river ecotype exhibit sufficient genetic diversity to have founded populations of the other ecotypes by parallel evolution within regions. Gene diversity is typically as high or higher in sea/river‐type sockeye than in lake‐type sockeye based on allozymes (Wood 1995; Gustafson and Winans 1999), microsatellite DNA (Beacham et al. 2004, 2006) and mtDNA (this study).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Recurrent evolution of life history ecotypes in sockeye salmon: implications for conservation and future evolution

Wood

Bickham

Nelson

et al. 2008

Evolutionary Applications

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We examine the evolutionary history and speculate about the evolutionary future of three basic life history ecotypes that contribute to the biocomplexity of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). The ‘recurrent evolution’ (RE) hypothesis claims that the sea/river ecotype is ancestral, a ‘straying’ form with poorly differentiated (meta)population structure, and that highly structured populations of lake-type sockeye and kokanee have evolved repeatedly in parallel adaptive radiations between recurrent glaciations of the Pleistocene Epoch. Basic premises of this hypothesis are consistent with new, independent evidence from recent surveys of genetic variation in mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA: (1) sockeye salmon are most closely related to pink (O. gorbuscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon with sea-type life histories; (2) the sockeye life history ecotypes exist as polyphyletic lineages within large drainages and geographic regions; (3) the sea/river ecotype exhibits less genetic differentiation among populations than the lake or kokanee ecotypes both within and among drainages; and (4) genetic diversity is typically higher in the sea/river ecotype than in the lake and kokanee ecotypes. Anthropogenic modification of estuarine habitat and intensive coastal fisheries have likely reduced and fragmented historic metapopulations of the sea/river ecotype, particularly in southern areas. In contrast, the kokanee ecotype appears to be favoured by marine fisheries and predicted changes in climate.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Recurrent evolution of life history ecotypes in sockeye salmon: implications for conservation and future evolution

Wood

Bickham

Nelson

et al. 2008

Evolutionary Applications

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“…Although few studies have directly examined gene flow and river stability, Hendry et al (2004) review some studies that are consistent with the hypothesis. Gustafson and Winans (1999) showed that genetic differentiation was higher (gene flow lower) among lake-type sockeye from stable lake tributaries compared to river-type sockeye from river systems that do not have a lake to buffer flooding events. L'Abáe- Lund and Vøllestad (1985) suggest that gene flow may be higher among some freshwater species spawning in spring compared to fall because general stream conditions are more variable in spring (but see Quinn and Tallman 1987).…”

Section: Habitat Features and Population Divergencementioning

confidence: 97%

Comparative landscape genetic analysis of three Pacific salmon species from subarctic North America

et al. 2010

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We examined the assumption that landscape heterogeneity similarly influences the spatial distribution of genetic diversity in closely related and geographically overlapping species. Accordingly, we evaluated the influence of watershed affiliation and nine habitat variables from four categories (spatial isolation, habitat size, climate, and ecology) on population divergence in three species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, O. kisutch, and O. keta) from three contiguous watersheds in subarctic North America. By incorporating spatial data we found that the three watersheds did not form the first level of hierarchical population structure as predicted. Instead, each species exhibited a broadly similar spatial pattern: a single coastal group with populations from all watersheds and one or more inland groups primarily in the largest watershed. These results imply that the spatial scale of conservation should extend across watersheds rather than at the watershed level which is the scale for fishery management. Three independent methods of multivariate analysis identified two variables as having influence on population divergence across all watersheds: precipitation in all species and subbasin area (SBA) in Chinook. Although we found general broad-scale congruence in the spatial patterns of population divergence and evidence that precipitation may influence population divergence in each species, we also found differences in the level of population divergence (coho [ Chinook and chum) and evidence that SBA may influence population divergence only in Chinook. These differences among species support a species-specific approach to evaluating and planning for the influence of broad-scale impacts such as climate change.

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“…Chinook salmon vary in duration of marine residence, with 2-4 years being typical (Roni and Quinn, 1995). In sockeye salmon, the ''classic'' juvenile life history pattern involves one or two years of lake residence immediately after emergence from the gravel (Burgner, 1991) but some juveniles reside for a year in rivers if no lake is available (river-type) or migrate to sea in their first year of life (''sea-type'', reviewed by Wood, 1995, see also Gustafson and Winans, 1999). Birtwell et al (1987) reported that underyearling sockeye were very abundant in the Fraser River estuary, growing rapidly to 65-75 mm before leaving in early fall.…”

Section: Duration Of Stay In the Sea And In Fresh Watermentioning

confidence: 98%

Anadromy and the marine migrations of Pacific salmon and trout: Rounsefell revisited

Quinn

Myers

2004

Rev Fish Biol Fisheries

179

151

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page 421 Introduction 421 Extent of migration at sea Duration of stay in the sea and in fresh water State of maturity attained at sea Spawning habits and habitat Mortality after spawning Occurrence of fresh water forms Linkages among life history traits 436 Acknowledgements 438 References 438 AbstractAnadromy is a defining trait in salmonid fishes but it is expressed to different extents among the species in the family, as reviewed in a classic paper by Rounsefell (1958). The present paper re-examines the subject, assessing the degree of anadromy within the genus Oncorhynchus, using Rounsefell's six criteria: extent of migrations at sea, duration of stay at sea, state of maturity attained at sea, spawning habits and habitats, post-spawning mortality, and occurrence of freshwater forms of the species. The genus ranges from pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), the most fully anadromous species in the family, to entirely non-anadromous species closely related to rainbow trout (O. mykiss), including Mexican golden trout (O. chrysogaster), Gila and Apache trout (O. gilae), and sub-species of cutthroat trout (O. clarki). This paper provides updated information on anadromy and marine migration patterns, emphasizing the iteroparous species, cutthroat (O. clarki) and rainbow (O. mykiss) trout. These two species display widely ranging patterns of anadromy, including truly ''landlocked'' populations and residents with easy access to the sea. Anadromous rainbow trout (known as steelhead) populations also vary greatly in their distribution at sea, incidence of repeat spawning, and associated traits. We conclude, as did Rounsefell, that anadromy is not a single trait with two conditions (anadromous or non-anadromous). Rather, it reflects a suite of life history traits that are expressed as points along continua for each species and population. Further research is needed in the marine ecology of all species but especially trout, as they are less well known but apparently more variable in patterns of anadromy and life history than salmon species.

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Distribution and population genetic structure of river‐ and sea‐type sockeye salmon in western North America

Cited by 37 publications

References 19 publications

Recurrent evolution of life history ecotypes in sockeye salmon: implications for conservation and future evolution

Recurrent evolution of life history ecotypes in sockeye salmon: implications for conservation and future evolution

Comparative landscape genetic analysis of three Pacific salmon species from subarctic North America

Anadromy and the marine migrations of Pacific salmon and trout: Rounsefell revisited

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