Distribution and Network of Basal Temporal Language Areas: A Study of the Combination of Electric Cortical Stimulation and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Enatsu, Rei; Kanno, Aya; Ookawa, Satoshi; Ochi, Satoko; Ishiai, Sumio; Nakagawa, Takashi; Mikuni, Nobuhiro

doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.06.116

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Previous studies have used electrical stimulation to demonstrate that a large portion of VTC, sometimes termed the "basal temporal language area," plays a role in language processing (Krauss et al, 1996;Mani et al, 2008;Fonseca et al, 2009;Enatsu et al, 2017). However, generalized language deficits after lesions of the basal temporal language area are relatively minor (Krauss et al, 1996) and the relationship between reading deficits and VTC lesions, other than the visual word form area (Gaillard et al, 2006;Hirshorn et al, 2016), is unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple adjoining word- and face-selective regions in ventral temporal cortex exhibit distinct dynamics

Boring

Silson

Ward

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The map of category-selectivity in human ventral temporal cortex (VTC) provides organizational constraints to models of object recognition. One important principle is lateral-medial response biases to stimuli that are typically viewed in the center or periphery of the visual field. However, little is known about the relative temporal dynamics and location of regions that respond preferentially to stimulus classes that are centrally viewed, like the face and word processing networks. Here, word- and face-selective regions within VTC were mapped using intracranial recordings from 36 patients. Partially overlapping, but also anatomically dissociable patches of face and word selectivity were found in ventral temporal cortex. In addition to canonical word-selective regions along the left posterior occipitotemporal sulcus, selectivity was also located medial and anterior to face-selective regions on the fusiform gyrus at the group level and within individual subjects. These regions were replicated using 7-Tesla fMRI in healthy subjects. Left hemisphere word-selective regions preceded right hemisphere responses by 125 ms, potentially reflecting the left hemisphere bias for language; with no hemispheric difference in face-selective response latency. Word-selective regions along the posterior fusiform responded first, then spread medially and laterally, then anteriorally. Face-selective responses were first seen in posterior fusiform regions bilaterally, then proceeded anteriorally from there. For both words and faces, the relative delay between regions was longer than would be predicted by purely feedforward models of visual processing. The distinct time-courses of responses across these regions, and between hemispheres, suggest a complex and dynamic functional circuit supports face and word perception.Significance StatementRepresentations of visual objects in the human brain have been shown to be organized by several principles, including whether those objects tend to be viewed centrally or in the periphery of the visual field. However, it remains unclear how regions that process objects that are viewed centrally, like words and faces, are organized relative to one another. Here, direct neural recordings and 7T fMRI demonstrate that several intermingled regions in ventral temporal cortex participate in word and face processing. These regions display differences in their temporal dynamics and response characteristics, both within and between brain hemispheres, suggesting they play different roles in perception. These results illuminate extended, bilateral, and dynamic brain pathways that support face perception and reading.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple adjoining word- and face-selective regions in ventral temporal cortex exhibit distinct dynamics

Boring

Silson

Ward

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Recent reports emphasized the importance of long distance connections in language models (Hagoort, 2017). Enatsu et al (2017) showed that the BTLA was structurally connected to the temporal pole, medial temporal structures, and lateral temporal and occipital structures through the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Using low frequency ECS in order to compute cortico-cortical evoked potentials, Araki et al (2015) found bidirectional connections between the BTLA and the posterior language area.…”

Section: Mapping Dispensable Eloquent Language Cortex Using Seegmentioning

confidence: 99%

Language Mapping Using Stereo Electroencephalography: A Review and Expert Opinion

Aron

Jonas

Colnat-Coulbois

et al. 2021

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Stereo-electroencephalography (sEEG) is a method that uses stereotactically implanted depth electrodes for extra-operative mapping of epileptogenic and functional networks. sEEG derived functional mapping is achieved using electrical cortical stimulations (ECS) that are currently the gold standard for delineating eloquent cortex. As this stands true especially for primary cortices (e.g., visual, sensitive, motor, etc.), ECS applied to higher order brain areas determine more subtle behavioral responses. While anterior and posterior language areas in the dorsal language stream seem to share characteristics with primary cortices, basal temporal language area (BTLA) in the ventral temporal cortex (VTC) behaves as a highly associative cortex. After a short introduction and considerations about methodological aspects of ECS using sEEG, we review the sEEG language mapping literature in this perspective. We first establish the validity of this technique to map indispensable language cortices in the dorsal language stream. Second, we highlight the contrast between the growing empirical ECS experience and the lack of understanding regarding the fundamental mechanisms underlying ECS behavioral effects, especially concerning the dispensable language cortex in the VTC. Evidences for considering network architecture as determinant for ECS behavioral response complexities are discussed. Further, we address the importance of designing new research in network organization of language as this could enhance ECS ability to map interindividual variability, pathology driven reorganization, and ultimately identify network resilience markers in order to better predict post-operative language deficit. Finally, based on a whole body of available studies, we believe there is strong evidence to consider sEEG as a valid, safe and reliable method for defining eloquent language cortices although there have been no proper comparisons between surgical resections with or without extra-operative or intra-operative language mapping.

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“…30,33,34 Functions identified in BTLA include visual naming, auditory naming, and verbal comprehension. 36 Complementary information from fMRI may be most useful to identify language function in basal temporal areas where DCS is limited. 3 Eighty percent of patients developed transient language deficits with stimulation, particularly on confrontation naming and comprehension, primarily in the fusiform gyrus 1-9 cm from the temporal tip, but persistent naming deficits were reported in a minority of patients after resection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…35 Basal temporal electrical stimulation can be limited by pain caused by branches of the trigeminal nerves, which may limit the ability to sufficiently identify eloquent cortex in this region. 36 Complementary information from fMRI may be most useful to identify language function in basal temporal areas where DCS is limited. A limitation of this study was the small patient population.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional MRI and direct cortical stimulation: Prediction of postoperative language decline

et al. 2019

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Summary Objective To assess the ability of functional MRI (fMRI) to predict postoperative language decline compared to direct cortical stimulation (DCS) in epilepsy surgery patients. Methods In this prospective case series, 17 patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy had intracranial monitoring and resection from 2012 to 2016 with 1‐year follow‐up. All patients completed preoperative language fMRI, mapping with DCS of subdural electrodes, pre‐ and postoperative neuropsychological testing for language function, and resection. Changes in language function before and after surgery were assessed. fMRI activation and DCS electrodes in the resection were evaluated as potential predictors of language decline. Results Four of 17 patients (12 female; median [range] age, 43 [23‐59] years) experienced postoperative language decline 1 year after surgery. Two of 4 patients had overlap of fMRI activation, language‐positive electrodes in basal temporal regions (within 1 cm), and resection. Two had overlap between resection volume and fMRI activation, but not DCS. fMRI demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 46% specificity for outcome compared to DCS (50% and 85%, respectively). When fMRI and DCS language findings were concordant, the combined tests showed 100% sensitivity and 75% specificity for language outcome. Seizure‐onset age, resection side, type, volume, or 1 year seizure outcome did not predict language decline. Significance Language localization overlap of fMRI and direct cortical stimulation in the resection influences postoperative language performance. Our preliminary study suggests that fMRI may be more sensitive and less specific than direct cortical stimulation. Together they may predict outcome better than either test alone.

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Distribution and Network of Basal Temporal Language Areas: A Study of the Combination of Electric Cortical Stimulation and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Cited by 20 publications

References 24 publications

Multiple adjoining word- and face-selective regions in ventral temporal cortex exhibit distinct dynamics

Multiple adjoining word- and face-selective regions in ventral temporal cortex exhibit distinct dynamics

Language Mapping Using Stereo Electroencephalography: A Review and Expert Opinion

Functional MRI and direct cortical stimulation: Prediction of postoperative language decline

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