Distribution and Mortality Time Trend of Multiple Sclerosis and Some Other Diseases in Norway

Westlund, Knut

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1970.tb05806.x

Cited by 71 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…One hypothesis is that sunlight exposure and the resulting increase in vitamin D may exert a protective effect for people in the tropics [12][13][14]. Some exceptions for this latitude gradients are districts in Switzerland at altitudes [2,000 m above sea level [15,16], Greenland and coastal regions of Norway were the prevalence of MS were lower [17,18], Results are consistent with the hypothesis that inadequate vitamin D status is an important pathogenic factor in MS. Annual UV B radiation is more intensive in Swiss districts at higher altitude than those at sea level.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Serum Vitamin D Levels in Indian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

et al. 2012

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Low serum vitamin D level has an increased association with risk of multiple sclerosis (MS).There has been no published data on the levels of this vitamin in Indian population with MS. Hence we decided to undertake this study to document if there is evidence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with MS in our population. 26 patients with diagnosis of MS by modified Mc Donald's criteria were enrolled in this study. Serum vitamin D (1,25 hydroxy) levels were measured by electro-chemiluminescence in our biochemistry lab. An age-matched control group of 202 patients who did not have a diagnosis of MS were included. In our study group 76.9 % had vitamin D level less than 20 ng/ml compared to 65.5 % of control group (p value of 0.019). Our study revealed a trend towards low vitamin D values in Indian MS patients.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Serum Vitamin D Levels in Indian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

et al. 2012

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“…MS is a disease that is essentially unknown at the equator, and the prevalence of the disease increases in populations that live farther away from the equator [70]. Prevalence of MS is greater at higher latitudes and tends to peak in areas with the lowest exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light [71][72][73][74][75][76][77]; however, in these areas, diets rich in Vitamin D-containing oily fish may offset this risk to some degree [71][72]78]. Moreover, the risk of MS has been found to decrease among people who migrate from higher to lower latitudes [79].…”

Section: Vitamin D Deficiency and Multiple Sclerosis: Role In The Susmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D in Neurological Diseases: A Rationale for a Pathogenic Impact

Moretti

Morelli

Caruso

2018

Preprint

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It is widely known that vitamin D receptors have been found in neurons and glial cells and their highest expression is in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus and subcortical grey nuclei, and substantia nigra. The vitamin D helps the regulation of neurotrophin, neural differentiation and maturation, through the control operation of growing factors synthesis (ie NGF and GDNF), the trafficking of the septo-hyppocampal pathway, and the control of the synthesis process of different neuromodulators (such as Ach, DA, and GABA).Based on these assumptions, we have written this review in order to summarize the potential role of vitamin D in neurological pathologies. The work could be titanic, and might result very fuzzy and even incoherent, if we would not have conjectured to taper our first intentions and devoted our interests towards three mainstreams: demyelinating pathologies, vascular syndromes and neurodegeneration.Due to the lack of effective therapeutic options, a part from the disease modifying strategies, the role of different risk factors should be investigated in neurology, as far as their correction may lead to the improvement of the cerebral conditions.We have explored the relationships between the gene-environmental influence and long term vitamin D deficiency, as a risk factor for the development of different types of neurological disorders, along with the role and the rationale of therapeutic trials with vitamin D implementation. Peer-reviewed version available at Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2245 doi:10.3390/ijms19082245 3 SEARCH STRATEGY AND SELECTION CRITERIAWe searched MEDLINE using the search terms: "vitamin D central nervous system" , both "vitamin D" and "central nervous system"; "vitamin D immune system/response", both "vitamin D" and "immune system" or "immune response"; "vitamin D multiple sclerosis risk", both "vitamin D" and "multiple sclerosis risk"; "vitamin D multiple sclerosis relapse", both "vitamin D" and "multiple sclerosis relapse"; "vitamin D multiple sclerosis magnetic resonance imaging", both "vitamin D" and "multiple sclerosis magnetic resonance imaging"; "vitamin D multiple sclerosis disability", both "vitamin D" and "multiple sclerosis disability"; "vitamin D supplementation/therapy/treatment multiple sclerosis", both "vitamin D supplementation" or "vitamin D therapy" or "vitamin D treatment" and "multiple sclerosis"; "vascular dementia", both as -vascular-and -dementia-, "subcortical vascular dementia", both assubcortical-and -dementia-, "Alzheimer's disease", "pathogenesis neurodegeneration" "amyloid", "cholinergic afferents", "arteriolosclerosis", "cerebral flow regulation", "stroke". Publications were selected mostly form the past 20years, but did not exclude frequently referenced and highly regarded older publications. . Congress abstracts and isolated case reports were not considered. We searched the reference lists of articles identified by this search strategy and selected those we judged relevant. Review articles and book chapters are cited to provide with ...

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“…In 1974, P. Goldberg noted that this MS incidence gradient correlated with the incidence of vitamin D deficiency in temperate regions, relative to equatorial regions (7). Further studies demonstrated a lower MS incidence in temperate areas where vitamin D is abundant because of increased sun exposure, high altitudes, or diets rich in fish oils (8)(9)(10)(11).Insights into the disease course of MS have been found by using the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE is a CD4 ϩ T cell-mediated inflammatory demylenating disease that shares many similarities with MS and is induced by injecting an antigen such as myelin basic protein (MBP) in an adjuvant into a susceptible strain of rodent.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

CD8⁺T cells are not necessary for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice

Meehan

DeLuca

2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In addition to its role in calcium and phosphorous homeostasis, 1␣,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] appears to be a modulator of the immune system. Administration of 1,25-(OH) 2D3 prevents disease in several autoimmune animal models, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The vitamin D receptor is believed to mediate this activity. Among cells of the immune system, CD8 ؉ T cells have the highest levels of the vitamin D receptor. Because CD8 ؉ T cells have been implicated as both suppressors and effectors of the inflammation associated with multiple sclerosis and EAE, we examined the question of whether the 1,25-(OH) 2D3 suppression of EAE occurs through a CD8 ؉ T cell-dependent mechanism. To test this hypothesis, mice that are homozygous knockouts for the ␣ chain of the CD8 receptor and have been characterized as lacking functional CD8 ؉ T cells (CD8 ؉ ؊͞؊) were provided 1,25-(OH)2D3 in their diet before EAE induction. Although CD8 ؉ ؊͞؊ mice fed the same diet lacking 1,25-(OH) 2D3 have a high incidence of EAE, EAE did not occur in CD8 ؉ ؊͞؊ mice fed the diet containing 1,25-(OH)2D3. We conclude that CD8 ؉ T cells neither are needed nor do they play a role in the prevention of EAE by 1,25-(OH) 2D3.M ultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that is the leading cause of disease-associated neurological disability in western countries (1). This disease is characterized by destruction of the myelin sheaths that surround axons in the central nervous system and ultimately results in numerous neurological defects that manifest in symptoms including fatigue, limb spasticity, bladder dysfunction, and muscle weakness so severe that death is sometimes the result (2, 3). This inflammation is caused by either a breakdown in immunological self tolerance and͞or an infection that triggers central nervous system-specific T cells to form inflammatory lesions. Although very little is known about the triggering event for MS, it is clear that both environmental and genetic factors are involved (4). In examining environmental factors, the geographical distribution of MS must be considered. A north-to-south gradient of higher-to-lower MS incidence in the northern hemisphere has been demonstrated in epidemiology studies, whereas a similar gradient running south to north has been observed in the southern hemisphere (5, 6). In 1974, P. Goldberg noted that this MS incidence gradient correlated with the incidence of vitamin D deficiency in temperate regions, relative to equatorial regions (7). Further studies demonstrated a lower MS incidence in temperate areas where vitamin D is abundant because of increased sun exposure, high altitudes, or diets rich in fish oils (8)(9)(10)(11).Insights into the disease course of MS have been found by using the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE is a CD4 ϩ T cell-mediated inflammatory demylenating disease that shares many similarities with MS and is induced by injecting an antigen such as myelin basic pro...

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Distribution and Mortality Time Trend of Multiple Sclerosis and Some Other Diseases in Norway

Cited by 71 publications

References 7 publications

Serum Vitamin D Levels in Indian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Serum Vitamin D Levels in Indian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Vitamin D in Neurological Diseases: A Rationale for a Pathogenic Impact

CD8⁺T cells are not necessary for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice

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Distribution and Mortality Time Trend of Multiple Sclerosis and Some Other Diseases in Norway

Cited by 71 publications

References 7 publications

Serum Vitamin D Levels in Indian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Serum Vitamin D Levels in Indian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Vitamin D in Neurological Diseases: A Rationale for a Pathogenic Impact

CD8+T cells are not necessary for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice

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CD8⁺T cells are not necessary for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice