Distribution and impact on quality of life of the pain modalities assessed by the King’s Parkinson’s disease pain scale

Abstract

In Parkinson’s disease, pain is a prevalent and complex symptom of diverse origin. King’s Parkinson’s disease pain scale, assesses different pain syndromes, thus allowing exploration of its differential prevalence and influence on the health-related quality of life of patients. Post hoc study 178 patients and 83 matched controls participating in the King’s Parkinson’s disease pain scale validation study were used. For determining the respective distribution, King’s Parkinson’s disease pain scale items and domains scores = 0 meant absence and ≥1 presence of the symptom. The regular scores were used for the other analyses. Health-related quality of lifewas evaluated with EQ-5D-3L and PDQ-8 questionnaires. Parkinson’s disease patients experienced more pain modalities than controls. In patients, Pain around joints (King’s Parkinson’s disease pain scale item 1) and Pain while turning in bed (item 8) were the most prevalent types of pain, whereas Burning mouth syndrome (item 11) and Pain due to grinding teeth (item 10) showed the lowest frequency. The total number of experienced pain modalities closely correlated with the PDQ-8 index, but not with other variables. For all pain types except Pain around joints (item 1) and pain related to Periodic leg movements/RLS (item 7), patients with pain had significantly worse health-related quality of life. The influence of pain, as a whole, on the health-related quality of life was not remarkable after adjustment by other variables. When the particular types of pain were considered, adjusted by sex, age, and Parkinson’s disease duration, pain determinants were different for EQ-5D-3L and PDQ-8. King’s Parkinson’s disease pain scale allows exploring the distribution of the diverse syndromic pain occurring in Parkinson’s disease and its association with health-related quality of life.

A detailed clinical study of pain in 1957 participants with early/moderate Parkinson's disease

“…In our study pain had an effect on quality of life, which was greater than motor impairment and comparable to the effect of motor complications. Other smaller studies have reported similar findings [24]. Given the amount of research that has gone into understanding mobility problems in PD, it is clear that there needs to be more research into understanding the causes of pain in PD with a view to developing improved treatments.…”

Prevalence of Non‐Motor Symptoms and Non‐Motor Fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease Using the MDS‐NMS

“…These symptoms are frequently reported as one of the main sources of disease burden and impairment of quality of life in PD patients 30–32 . Pain is also a complex and common symptom in PD as seen in the PRIAMO study, 27 with a considerable impact on quality of life 33 . Specifically, musculoskeletal pain has been found to be highly prevalent in different studies, with abnormal nociceptive input processing in the central nervous system as a possible explicative factor 34,35 .…”

Relationship of Nocturnal Sleep Dysfunction and Pain Subtypes in Parkinson's Disease

“…Furthermore, 35% of PD patients are affected by two types of pain, 10% by three, and 2% by four . Pain can become crippling in a subset of PD patients, affect their ability to conduct activities of daily living (ADL), and negatively impact their QoL . Despite the impact of this non‐motor symptom, pain often remains underdiagnosed and undeclared …”

“…14 Pain can become crippling in a subset of PD patients, affect their ability to conduct activities of daily living (ADL), 13,19 and negatively impact their QoL. [20][21][22] Despite the impact of this non-motor symptom, pain often remains underdiagnosed and undeclared. 23 PD patients with pain have been found to experience poorer sleep quality and more sleep disorders than patients without pain.…”