Distribution and frequency of occurrence of potato cyst nematode pathotypes in Northern Ireland

Zaheer, K.; Fleming, Colin C.; Turner, Susan

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01541.x

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…, 2011), the fact that some nematode lineages (GpSM‐360.96.21, GpN‐94T and GpN‐96F) were lost during the experimental evolution experiment constitutes an additional argument for the initial presence of virulence alleles in the nematode populations. Accordingly, for G. rostochiensis , the H1 resistance gene which has never been overcome in Great Britain was overcome in the Netherlands (Zaheer et al. , 1993), suggesting that the composition of nematode populations is crucial for resistance durability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of nematodes by resistant plants has implications for local adaptation and cross‐virulence

Fournet¹,

Kerlan²,

Renault³

et al. 2012

Plant Pathology

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The variability of resistance durability in different potato genotypes harbouring the same resistance QTL but differing by their genetic background was explored. The indirect consequences of the resistance adaptation in terms of local (i.e. genotype-specific) adaptation and cross-virulence was also investigated. Following the virulence of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida in a long-term experimental evolution protocol, the results showed that nematode populations were able to adapt to the resistance of four potato genotypes carrying the QTL GpaV from Solanum vernei, and that the plant genetic background has an impact upon the durability of resistance. The pattern of local adaptation observed here indicates that divergent selection has occurred during the experimental evolution performed from the same initial nematode population, and revealed a trade-off between the adaptation to a resistant potato genotype and the adaptation to another resistant genotype differing in its genetic background. In terms of cross-virulence between potato genotypes derived from different resistance sources (S. sparsipilum and S. spegazzinii), this study shows that the adaptation to resistance QTL GpaV vrn does not necessarily allow the adaptation to collinear GpaV loci. The results presented here could be useful for predicting evolution of nematode populations in natural agro-ecosystems and identifying durable strategies for resistance deployment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of nematodes by resistant plants has implications for local adaptation and cross‐virulence

Fournet¹,

Kerlan²,

Renault³

et al. 2012

Plant Pathology

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“…Globodera pallida has adapted to resistant varieties in laboratory experiments after only 5–8 generations, and a sister species, Globodera rostochiensis , has rapidly overcome the resistance gene H1 in fields in the Netherlands (Zaheer et al. ; Fournet et al. ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, adaptation to nematode resistance has already been observed on populations of potato cyst nematodes. Globodera pallida has adapted to resistant varieties in laboratory experiments after only 5-8 generations, and a sister species, Globodera rostochiensis, has rapidly overcome the resistance gene H1 in fields in the Netherlands (Zaheer et al 1993;Fournet et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal sampling helps unravel the genetic structure of naturally occurring populations of a phytoparasitic nematode. 1. Insights from the estimation of effective population sizes

Jan

Gracianne

Fournet

et al. 2016

Evolutionary Applications

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The sustainability of modern agriculture relies on strategies that can control the ability of pathogens to overcome chemicals or genetic resistances through natural selection. This evolutionary potential, which depends partly on effective population size (N e), is greatly influenced by human activities. In this context, wild pathogen populations can provide valuable information for assessing the long‐term risk associated with crop pests. In this study, we estimated the effective population size of the beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, by sampling 34 populations infecting the sea beet Beta vulgaris spp. maritima twice within a one‐year period. Only 20 populations produced enough generations to analyze the variation in allele frequencies, with the remaining populations showing a high mortality rate of the host plant after only 1 year. The 20 analyzed populations showed surprisingly low effective population sizes, with most having N e close to 85 individuals. We attribute these low values to the variation in population size through time, systematic inbreeding, and unbalanced sex‐ratios. Our results suggest that H. schachtii has low evolutionary potential in natural environments. Pest control strategies in which populations on crops mimic wild populations may help prevent parasite adaptation to host resistance.

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“…Minnis et al, 2002;Zaheer et al, 2007). However, the different means of spread listed can be minimized by taking adequate measures, as described above, which will make it possible to minimize the risk and the speed of the dispersion within and between countries in the EU.…”

Section: Containment Of the Pest Within The Risk Assessment Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although PCN is present in many Member States, current legislation and management practices have prevented PCN from becoming ubiquitous within the EU, and in many types of land, such as that used for seed potato production, they have not been detected at all (e.g. Minnis et al, 2002;Zaheer et al, 2007).…”

Section: Containment Of the Pest Within The Risk Assessment Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed by European versus non-European populations of the potato cyst nematodesGlobodera pallidaandGlobodera rostochiensis

Rossi

2012

EFSA Journal

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The Panel on Plant Health has delivered a scientific opinion on the different risks posed by European and non-European populations of the potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Globodera pallida and Globodera rostochiensis to solanaceous plants in the EU and on the effectiveness of current control measures. Although PCN, particularly G. rostochiensis, are widespread in the EU, crop damage is limited because breeders have been able to develop varieties that are resistant to the small number of genotypes that are present. These genotypes represent a minor subset of the gene pool and virulence that is present in South America. As new South American genotypes are very likely to have a similar potential for establishment and spread as existing European genotypes, the potato varieties currently grown in Europe will not be resistant to new virulent genotypes. As resistant varieties take a very long time to develop, the consequences of a new introduction of South American PCN would be major. The Panel therefore concluded that it is very important to maintain the current phytosanitary measures to prevent the entry of South American PCN. However, uncertainties over the effectiveness of the measures in Annex IVAI relating to place of production freedom and soil origin were noted, and the Panel identified additional risk reduction options for certain plants for planting (e.g. bulbs) and additional requirements to confirm the absence of PCN in places of production. The Panel also identified some problems with the existing control measures to reduce the spread of PCN within the EU. A thorough and well-coordinated EU-wide survey using standardized methods would be necessary to evaluate the need to maintain these measures. The monitoring of PCN populations should exploit new diagnostic techniques (e.g. mitochondrial DNA sequences) to ensure that the resistance available is deployed appropriately. for the preparatory work on this scientific opinion, the hearing experts: Eric Grenier and Sue Hockland for their presentations on the biology of the organisms, and EFSA staff: Virág Kertész for the support provided to this scientific opinion.

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Distribution and frequency of occurrence of potato cyst nematode pathotypes in Northern Ireland

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Selection of nematodes by resistant plants has implications for local adaptation and cross‐virulence

Selection of nematodes by resistant plants has implications for local adaptation and cross‐virulence

Temporal sampling helps unravel the genetic structure of naturally occurring populations of a phytoparasitic nematode. 1. Insights from the estimation of effective population sizes

Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed by European versus non-European populations of the potato cyst nematodesGlobodera pallidaandGlobodera rostochiensis

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