Distribution and Deposition of Inhaled Particles in Respiratory Tract

Hatch, Theodore F.

doi:10.1128/mmbr.25.3.237-240.1961

Cited by 100 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Inhalation results in the deposition of particles from the environment into the respiratory tract; inhaled particles that are more than 10 μm in diameter are deposited in the upper respiratory tract (URT), whereas particles less than 1 μm in diameter can reach the lungs. These particles include bacteria-containing and virus-containing particles, which are typically larger than 0.4 μm in diameter 186 . These physiological parameters determine the niche-specific selective growth conditions that ultimately shape the microbial communities along the respiratory tract.…”

Section: Development Of Healthy Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health

2017

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The respiratory tract is a complex organ system that is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The human respiratory tract spans from the nostrils to the lung alveoli and is inhabited by niche-specific communities of bacteria. The microbiota of the respiratory tract probably acts as a gatekeeper that provides resistance to colonization by respiratory pathogens. The respiratory microbiota might also be involved in the maturation and maintenance of homeostasis of respiratory physiology and immunity. The ecological and environmental factors that direct the development of microbial communities in the respiratory tract and how these communities affect respiratory health are the focus of current research. Concurrently, the functions of the microbiome of the upper and lower respiratory tract in the physiology of the human host are being studied in detail. In this Review, we will discuss the epidemiological, biological and functional evidence that support the physiological role of the respiratory microbiota in the maintenance of human health.

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Section: Development Of Healthy Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health

2017

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“…Deposition models have concluded that particles <10 mm in diameter are more likely to penetrate deeper into the respiratory tract while particles !10 mm in diameter are more likely to impact onto the surfaces of the upper airways and are less likely to penetrate into the lower pulmonary region. 21e29 Although small particles may also deposit in the upper airways, 26,30,31 the usual behaviour is for small particles to travel with the inhaled air current and avoid impaction within the nasal region; this enables deposition lower in the respiratory tract 23,32 and the establishment of infection in this region. 26 Similar reasoning is also used by Nicas (2005), who used an equilibrium size of 10 mm in diameter in risk calculations of airborne transmission.…”

Section: The Importance Of Particle Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

“…21e29 Although small particles may also deposit in the upper airways, 26,30,31 the usual behaviour is for small particles to travel with the inhaled air current and avoid impaction within the nasal region; this enables deposition lower in the respiratory tract 23,32 and the establishment of infection in this region. 26 Similar reasoning is also used by Nicas (2005), who used an equilibrium size of 10 mm in diameter in risk calculations of airborne transmission. 29 Based upon the likelihood of deposition in the respiratory tract rather than generated particle size, Weber and Stilianakis, in their review article, suggest a cut-off of 10 mm in diameter to separate particles likely to transmit disease (particles 10 mm in diameter) from those that are less likely (particles >10 mm in diameter).…”

Section: The Importance Of Particle Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

The role of particle size in aerosolised pathogen transmission: A review

Gralton

Tovey

McLaws

et al. 2011

Journal of Infection

599

638

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Understanding respiratory pathogen transmission is essential for public health measures aimed at reducing pathogen spread. Particle generation and size are key determinant for pathogen carriage, aerosolisation, and transmission. Production of infectious respiratory particles is dependent on the type and frequency of respiratory activity, type and site of infection and pathogen load. Further, relative humidity, particle aggregation and mucus properties influence expelled particle size and subsequent transmission. Review of 26 studies reporting particle sizes generated from breathing, coughing, sneezing and talking showed healthy individuals generate particles between 0.01 and 500 μm, and individuals with infections produce particles between 0.05 and 500 μm. This indicates that expelled particles carrying pathogens do not exclusively disperse by airborne or droplet transmission but avail of both methods simultaneously and current dichotomous infection control precautions should be updated to include measures to contain both modes of aerosolised transmission.

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“…Some studies suggest that particles over 6 m tend to mainly deposit in the upper airway, while particles under 2 m deposit mainly in the alveolar region [26]. Other studies conclude that particles under 10 m can penetrate deeper into the respiratory tract, and particles over 10 m are more likely to deposit on the surfaces of the upper airways and are less likely to penetrate into the lower pulmonary region [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35].…”

Section: Aerobiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobiology and Its Role in the Transmission of Infectious Diseases

Fernstrom

Goldblatt²

2013

Journal of Pathogens

301

334

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Aerobiology plays a fundamental role in the transmission of infectious diseases. As infectious disease and infection control practitioners continue employing contemporary techniques (e.g., computational fluid dynamics to study particle flow, polymerase chain reaction methodologies to quantify particle concentrations in various settings, and epidemiology to track the spread of disease), the central variables affecting the airborne transmission of pathogens are becoming better known. This paper reviews many of these aerobiological variables (e.g., particle size, particle type, the duration that particles can remain airborne, the distance that particles can travel, and meteorological and environmental factors), as well as the common origins of these infectious particles. We then review several real-world settings with known difficulties controlling the airborne transmission of infectious particles (e.g., office buildings, healthcare facilities, and commercial airplanes), while detailing the respective measures each of these industries is undertaking in its effort to ameliorate the transmission of airborne infectious diseases.

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Distribution and Deposition of Inhaled Particles in Respiratory Tract

Cited by 100 publications

References 2 publications

The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health

The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health

The role of particle size in aerosolised pathogen transmission: A review

Aerobiology and Its Role in the Transmission of Infectious Diseases

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