Distributed Water Infrastructure for Sustainable Communities

Abstract

Distributed water infrastructure (located at the community or the household level) is relatively untried and unproven, compared with technologies for managing urban water at higher (e.g. regional) levels. This work presents a review of currently available options for distributed water infrastructure and illustrates the potential impact of their deployment through a number of indicative infrastructure strategies. The paper summarises the main categories of both centralised and decentralised water infrastructure, covering all three flows (water supply, wastewater and drainage) and their integration through recycling and reuse. The potential impact of the identified infrastructure options for urban water management is examined. The desirability of the strategies examined, is dependent on (case specific) constraints to urban development, including for example regional or local water resource availability, treatment plant capacity, cost of upgrading infrastructure, potential for (distributed) energy (micro) generation and climatic changes (and other nonstationary processes). The results are presented and discussed. It is concluded that there is currently a significant potential for a range of improvements in urban water management which could result from the context-aware deployment of a portfolio of technological infrastructure options. It is also suggested that there are trade-offs between water use, energy use and land use, and these have an equilibrium point that is associated with the technological state-of-art. At a given technological state-of-art, further reductions in water savings signify increase either energy consumption (for high-tech solutions) or land use (for low-tech solutions). The strategies' evaluation indicates however, that until this equilibrium point is reached there can be significant gains in all three aspects. After this equilibrium, improvements in one aspect inevitably signify costs in others. The choice of desired trade-off then depends on the specific constraints of the problem at hand.

Sustainable Water Systems for the City of Tomorrow—A Conceptual Framework

“…This will increase resource exchange among systems, optimal resource throughput and minimization of wastes. It is also easier to reach an equilibrium point between water, energy, and land use where improvements in one aspect does not signify cost in others [75]. The tradeoff of decentralized systems is the increased complexity within the clusters of independent, yet interconnected networks.…”

Urban Water Cycle Simulation/Management Models: A Review

“…Case studies are discussed below. Denmark X X [190] Denmark X X [191] Australia X X [192] Japan X [193] Greece X [194] Spain X X X X X [195] Greece X X [196] Greece X X X X [197] Hypothetical X X X X X X X [198] Greece X X X X X [199,200] Greece X [201] Hypothetical…”

An Overview of Hybrid Water Supply Systems in the Context of Urban Water Management: Challenges and Opportunities

“…Internationally, hybrid water systems have been referred in different ways such as semi-centralized supply and treatment [38,39,91,92], distributed water supply system [29,81,93,94], semi-decentralized systems [95] and hybrid system [12,96]. These systems can be considered as part of a sustainable urban water management strategy whereby there is adoption of alternative water supply and wastewater management approaches while the predominant model of service remaining the centralized water supply system [5,16].…”