Distributed Temperature Sensing: Review of Technology and Applications

Ukil, Abhisek; Braendle, H.; Krippner, Peter

doi:10.1109/jsen.2011.2162060

Cited by 329 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…However, isotropic and homogenous conditions rarely exist and spatial distribution of groundwater inflow differs strongly from lake to lake . Experimental studies highlighted a large variety of observed exchange patterns including decreasing seepage with distance from the shoreline (McBride and Pfannkuch, 1975;Brock et al, 1982;Cherkauer and Nader, 1989;Kishel and Gerla, 2002), increasing seepage with distance from the shoreline (Cherkauer and Nader, 1989;Schneider et al, 2005;Vainu et al, 2015), local hotspots of offshore seepage (Fleckenstein et al, 2009;Ono et al, 2012) and a high smallscale variability in near-shore zones (Kishel and Gerla, 2002;Blume et al, 2013;Neumann et al, 2013;Sebok et al, 2013). Most often, complex hydrogeological settings are the reason for deviations from the theoretical pattern of LGD .…”

Section: Spatial Patterns Of Lacustrine Groundwater Discharge and Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, there is no clear picture about the role of lake sediment characteristics in controlling LGD patterns and observations seem to be very site specific. For example, Kidmose et al (2013) found that low permeable lacustrine sediments can completely prevent groundwater upwelling, whereas Vainu et al (2015) observed LGD through low permeable lacustrine sediments. Kishel and Gerla (2002) associated small-scale variabilities in LGD with small-scale heterogeneities in hydraulic conductivities (Kishel and Gerla, 2002); Schneider et al (2005) found no correlation between seepage rates and sediment characteristics.…”

Section: Spatial Patterns Of Lacustrine Groundwater Discharge and Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kidmose et al, 2013;Kishel and Gerla, 2002;Schneider et al, 2005;Vainu et al, 2015) and piezometers (Kishel and Gerla, 2002). Two other methods have also been used successfully to investigate exchange patterns between lakes and groundwater: fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS) (Blume et al, 2013;Sebok et al, 2013) and vertical temperature profiles (VTPs) (Blume et al, 2013;Neumann et al, 2013;Sebok et al, 2013).…”

Section: Spatial Patterns Of Lacustrine Groundwater Discharge and Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two divers ensured good contact of the cable to the lake sediment and also tracked the location of the cable with a differential GPS system (Topcon GR-3) installed on a buoy. The technology of the FO-DTS is based on the detection of the Raman scattering of a laser pulse through the optical fibre (Ukil et al, 2012). For our measurements, we used a Sensornet Halo device with a sampling resolution of 2 m and a measurement precision of 0.05 • C.…”

Section: Lake Sediment Temperature Anomalies As Indicators For Offshomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying, characterizing and predicting spatial patterns of lacustrine groundwater discharge

Tecklenburg

Blume

2017

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Lacustrine groundwater discharge (LGD) can significantly affect lake water balances and lake water quality. However, quantifying LGD and its spatial patterns is challenging because of the large spatial extent of the aquiferlake interface and pronounced spatial variability. This is the first experimental study to specifically study these largerscale patterns with sufficient spatial resolution to systematically investigate how landscape and local characteristics affect the spatial variability in LGD. We measured vertical temperature profiles around a 0.49 km 2 lake in northeastern Germany with a needle thermistor, which has the advantage of allowing for rapid (manual) measurements and thus, when used in a survey, high spatial coverage and resolution. Groundwater inflow rates were then estimated using the heat transport equation. These near-shore temperature profiles were complemented with sediment temperature measurements with a fibre-optic cable along six transects from shoreline to shoreline and radon measurements of lake water samples to qualitatively identify LGD patterns in the offshore part of the lake. As the hydrogeology of the catchment is sufficiently homogeneous (sandy sediments of a glacial outwash plain; no bedrock control) to avoid patterns being dominated by geological discontinuities, we were able to test the common assumptions that spatial patterns of LGD are mainly controlled by sediment characteristics and the groundwater flow field. We also tested the assumption that topographic gradients can be used as a proxy for gradients of the groundwater flow field. Thanks to the extensive data set, these tests could be carried out in a nested design, considering both small-and large-scale variability in LGD. We found that LGD was concentrated in the near-shore area, but alongshore variability was high, with specific regions of higher rates and higher spatial variability. Median inflow rates were 44 L m −2 d −1 with maximum rates in certain locations going up to 169 L m −2 d −1 . Offshore LGD was negligible except for two local hotspots on steep steps in the lake bed topography. Large-scale groundwater inflow patterns were correlated with topography and the groundwater flow field, whereas small-scale patterns correlated with grain size distributions of the lake sediment. These findings confirm results and assumptions of theoretical and modelling studies more systematically than was previously possible with coarser sampling designs. However, we also found that a significant fraction of the variance in LGD could not be explained by these controls alone and that additional processes need to be considered. While regression models using these controls as explanatory variables had limited power to predict LGD rates, the results nevertheless encourage the use of topographic indices and sediment heterogeneity as an aid for targeted campaigns in future studies of groundwater discharge to lakes.

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Section: Spatial Patterns Of Lacustrine Groundwater Discharge and Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spatial Patterns Of Lacustrine Groundwater Discharge and Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spatial Patterns Of Lacustrine Groundwater Discharge and Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lake Sediment Temperature Anomalies As Indicators For Offshomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying, characterizing and predicting spatial patterns of lacustrine groundwater discharge

Tecklenburg

Blume

2017

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…A distributed temperature sensor (DTS) can span large flow fields and function in environments that are unsuitable for image-based techniques 8 . There are also DTSs based on Raman and Brillouin scattering 9,10 , but sensors based on Rayleigh scattering and SWI provide spatial and temporal resolution more suitable for typical fluid dynamics experiments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping

Lomperski

Gerardi

Lisowski

2016

JoVE

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The reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes is checked by comparing simulations with experimental data. A typical data set consists chiefly of velocity and temperature readings, both ideally having high spatial and temporal resolution to facilitate rigorous code validation. While high resolution velocity data is readily obtained through optical measurement techniques such as particle image velocimetry, it has proven difficult to obtain temperature data with similar resolution. Traditional sensors such as thermocouples cannot fill this role, but the recent development of distributed sensing based on Rayleigh scattering and swept-wave interferometry offers resolution suitable for CFD code validation work. Thousands of temperature measurements can be generated along a single thin optical fiber at hundreds of Hertz. Sensors function over large temperature ranges and within opaque fluids where optical techniques are unsuitable. But this type of sensor is sensitive to strain and humidity as well as temperature and so accuracy is affected by handling, vibration, and shifts in relative humidity. Such behavior is quite unlike traditional sensors and so unconventional installation and operating procedures are necessary to ensure accurate measurements. This paper demonstrates implementation of a Rayleigh scattering-type distributed temperature sensor in a thermal mixing experiment involving two air jets at 25 and 45 °C. We present criteria to guide selection of optical fiber for the sensor and describe installation setup for a jet mixing experiment. We illustrate sensor baselining, which links readings to an absolute temperature standard, and discuss practical issues such as errors due to flow-induced vibration. This material can aid those interested in temperature measurements having high data density and bandwidth for fluid dynamics experiments and similar applications. We highlight pitfalls specific to these sensors for consideration in experiment design and operation.

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Introduction

Matı́as¹,

Villar²

2020

Optical Fibre Sensors

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Distributed Temperature Sensing: Review of Technology and Applications

Cited by 329 publications

References 44 publications

Identifying, characterizing and predicting spatial patterns of lacustrine groundwater discharge

Identifying, characterizing and predicting spatial patterns of lacustrine groundwater discharge

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping

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