Distributed solar battery systems providing primary control reserve

Abstract

An increasing number of energy storages will be installed in buildings with photovoltaic systems. However, batteries with only local operation tasks do not exhaust their technical potential. Using the available battery capacity in terms of power and energy to provide ancillary system services is therefore economically reasonable. Providing primary control reserve power in combination with increasing local self-sufficiency has been identified as a promising option for decentralised PV battery systems. Thereby, part of the battery capacity is used to provide grid services and the remaining part for the management and optimisation of local system operation. Provision of self-sufficiency increase is limited, when the battery's state of charge is within certain limits. In this study, it is shown that the simultaneous use of the battery to locally increase self-sufficiency reduces the need for external power sources to correct the storage level. The operational concept, the technical solutions, and a sensitivity analysis are presented. Furthermore, billing and measuring issues as well as the current regulatory framework conditions in Germany are discussed

Lithium-Ion Battery Storage for the Grid—A Review of Stationary Battery Storage System Design Tailored for Applications in Modern Power Grids

“…However, finding suitable BESS control strategies for stacking of applications may be challenging and it should be noted, that in various cases regulatory constraints hinder the usage of a singular BESS for multiple applications if more than one stakeholder is involved. Furthermore, performing application tasks by pooling and coordinated control of multiple distributed storage systems may be of interest in a future power grid with more BESS installed at various locations [176]. Bi-directional V2G is a particularly challenging example but starts to become more frequently discussed in academia with an industrial context [119,177].…”

Integration of Lithium-Ion Battery Storage Systems in Hydroelectric Plants for Supplying Primary Control Reserve

“…Operation and charging control of a Li-ion BESS installed in Denmark and providing upward frequency regulation is analysed in [26], whereas an application of 5 MW/5 MWh Li-ion batteries installed in Germany is presented in [14]. Technical and economic opportunities making use of BESSs installed for providing PCR in buildings with photovoltaic (PV) generators are studied in [27].…”

Engineering Support for Handling Controller Conflicts in Energy Storage Systems Applications

“…The ESS participates in the frequency regulation by injecting/consuming active power [3,14]. Such a service is usually used by the TSO.…”

“…In this context, the main goal of small residential storage systems is to consume the self-generated electricity to reduce energy costs. On the other hand, they may also contribute to the enhancement of power quality and system stability (primary control reserve in a pooling scheme [3] and voltage/frequency droop control [4]). Storage systems with higher capacities provide additional economic profits and support with much more services such as participation on balancing market services, power trading, ancillary services, etc.…”

“…In this case, a lack of a support to coordinate the mentioned services would prevent the battery of charging/discharging enough power to cover the requirements defined by frequency support and market services. Additionally, a battery discharging behavior, resulted from the overlapping of use cases, could incentive the exacerbation of the over-frequency state of the grid [3]. Hence, both services cannot be supported all at once, then one potential solution is the setting up of priorities per service.…”