This paper investigates a nonlinear-model-predictive-control (NMPC)-strategy-based distributed leader-follower consensus multi-robot formation system. The control objective of this system is to design a group of nonholonomic robots to converge into the desired geometric pattern and to track a designed path. A directed graph that specifies communication topology for the formation is given. A leader-follower consensus formation problem based on the mobile robot kinematic model is obtained, which is further reformulated into a constrained nonlinear minimization problem through the NMPC strategy. A general projection neural network (GPNN) is implemented to efficiently derive the optimal control inputs for the robots. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed formation algorithm.INDEX TERMS Nonholonomic Multi-robot formation, leader-follower consensus system, nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC), graph theory, general projection neural network (GPNN).
I. INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, robot formation, which is one of the most important research areas in multi-robot coordination, has become more and more attractive. Many researchers are interested in its application prospects such as surveillance, transportation, mine sweeping, rescue operations, and geographical exploration. Compared to single robot, a team of robots can offer many superiorities on working. The consensus formation, whose objective is to control a group of robots to reach and maintain a designed geometric pattern during moving, is a typical formation scheme. Meanwhile, owing to Brockett's theorem [1], it is hard to directly implement the differentiable, or even continuous, pure state feedback algorithm on the nonholonomic-robot-based distributed consensus formation problem.Generally, there are two control paradigms for robot formation: centralized and distributed. In centralized formation,The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Jinpeng Yu.