Distributed hydrological modelling of total dissolved phosphorus transport in an agricultural landscape, part I: distributed runoff generation

Gerard-Marchant, P; Hively, W. Dean; Steenhuis, Tammo S.

doi:10.5194/hess-10-245-2006

Cited by 32 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…The initial portion of the event (29 March to 1 April 2005, Figure 11), consisted almost entirely of snowmelt, and was under predicted on all but one landscape sampling location (landscape 8). As noted by other researchers [Frankenberger et al, 1999;Mehta et al, 2004;Gérard-Marchant et al, 2005] SMDR is most prone to errors when the temperature fluctuates around freezing, which occurred during this period. On the following days (2 -4 April 2005), where there was minimal snowmelt and the majority of the precipitation occurred, the runoff losses were generally well captured (Figure 11).…”

Section: Landscape Runoffsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…[14] SMDR is a physically based, fully distributed, water balance model for shallow, sloping soils underlain by a restrictive layer [Steenhuis and van der Molen, 1986;Zollweg et al, 1996;Kuo et al, 1999;Frankenberger et al, 1999;Mehta et al, 2004;Gérard-Marchant et al, 2005]. The SMDR framework is adapted to run on the geographic information system (GIS) GRASS [U.S. Army Construction and Engineering Laboratory, 1997;Neteler and Mitasova, 2002].…”

Section: Soil Moisture Distribution and Routing Model Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other words, when the soil is just saturated at the impermeable layer the matric potential at the soil surface is equal to the depth of the soil. The moisture content at this matric potential is the drainage limit (q B ), and can be calculated with a Brooks-Corey [Brooks and Corey, 1964] type relationship using the q FC from the soil survey [U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1965], at À30 kPa or equivalent to a 3 m height [Gérard-Marchant et al, 2005].…”

Section: Subsurface Lateral Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The drainage limit, q B , was based on the q FC in the soil survey and introduced to account for differences between laboratory derived permeability measurements and observations in undisturbed field soils [Boll et al, 1998]. The horizontal conductivity multiplier, m, used to convert Soil Survey laboratory derived permeability measurements to field values, was assumed to decrease exponentially with soil layer thickness from 10 for the shallowest soils to 2 for the deepest [Gérard-Marchant et al, 2005]. The effective conductivities of the bedrock and fragipan were selected a priori as 3 mm d À1 and 0.2 mm d À1 respectively, which are within the published ranges [Frankenberger et al, 1999;Maidment, 1993].…”

Section: Model Parameterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SMDR has been shown to provide accurate estimates of hydrologic processes such as streamflow and soil moisture distribution in forested and agricultural watersheds [Zollweg et al, 1996;Frankenberger et al, 1999;Walter et al, 2000;Johnson et al, 2003;Mehta et al, 2004;Gérard-Marchant et al, 2005], but has yet to be applied to urban areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrologic assessment of an urban variable source watershed in the northeast United States

Easton

Gerard-Marchant

Walter

et al. 2007

Water Resources Research

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[1] Effective control of nonpoint source contaminants in runoff from urbanized watersheds requires knowledge about the locations of runoff source areas under a variety of conditions. Physical monitoring of spatially variant processes, such as runoff production form variable source areas, is time-consuming and expensive. Thus modeling the processes may provide a valuable cost-effective alternative. In this paper we adapt and validate a variable source model for an urban watershed to predict areas of the landscape prone to elevated soil moisture levels and saturation excess runoff. We modified the soil moisture distribution and routing (SMDR) model to simulate hydrologic processes in an urban upstate New York watershed by considering the impact of impervious surfaces, hydraulic control structures (detention basins), and land use on the water balance. In our model, infiltration excess runoff from impervious surfaces infiltrates in the surrounding soils. Simulated and observed streamflow agreed well, and more importantly, the distribution of soil moisture levels and overland flow throughout the watershed were well predicted. Removing urban features from the model resulted in substantially lower peak stormflows than observed, and the base and interflows increased accordingly. Both modeled and measured distributed results indicated that the more urbanized areas of the study site had both higher soil moistures and runoff losses due to shallower soils, greater upslope contributing areas, and a larger area of impervious surfaces generating runoff. The model results helped identify processes that describe how urbanization impacts integrated and distributed hydrology, which provides useful information for targeted water quality management.

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Section: Landscape Runoffsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Soil Moisture Distribution and Routing Model Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subsurface Lateral Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Model Parameterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrologic assessment of an urban variable source watershed in the northeast United States

Easton

Gerard-Marchant

Walter

et al. 2007

Water Resources Research

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Modelling variable source area dynamics in a CEAP watershed

et al. 2009

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In the Northeast US, saturation excess is the most dominant runoff process and locations of runoff source areas, typically called variable source areas (VSAs), are determined by the available soil water storage and the landscape topographic position. To predict runoff generated from VSAs some water quality models use the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number equation (SCS-CN), which assumes a constant initial abstraction of rainfall is retained by the watershed prior to the beginning of runoff. We apply a VSA interpretation of the SCS-CN runoff equation that allows the initial abstraction to vary with antecedent moisture conditions. We couple this modified SCS-CN approach with a semi-distributed water balance model to predict runoff, and distribute predictions using a soil topographic index for the Town Brook watershed in the Catskill Mountains of New York State. The accuracy of predicted VSA extents using both the original and the modified SCS-CN equation were evaluated for 14 rainfall-runoff events through a comparison with average water table depths measured at 33 locations in Town Brook from March-September 2004. The modified SCS-CN equation captured VSA dynamics more accurately than the original equation. However, during events with high antecedent rainfall VSA dynamics were still under-predicted suggesting that VSA runoff is not captured solely by knowledge of the soil water deficit. Considering the importance of correctly predicting runoff generation and pollutant source areas in the landscape, the results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of integrating VSA hydrology into water quality models to reduce non-point source pollution.

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Incorporating variable source area hydrology into a curve‐number‐based watershed model

Schneiderman¹,

Steenhuis

Thongs³

et al. 2007

Hydrological Processes

156

176

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Abstract:Many water quality models use some form of the curve number (CN) equation developed by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS; U.S. Depart of Agriculture) to predict storm runoff from watersheds based on an infiltration-excess response to rainfall. However, in humid, well-vegetated areas with shallow soils, such as in the northeastern USA, the predominant runoff generating mechanism is saturation-excess on variable source areas (VSAs). We reconceptualized the SCS-CN equation for VSAs, and incorporated it into the General Watershed Loading Function (GWLF) model. The new version of GWLF, named the Variable Source Loading Function (VSLF) model, simulates the watershed runoff response to rainfall using the standard SCS-CN equation, but spatially distributes the runoff response according to a soil wetness index. We spatially validated VSLF runoff predictions and compared VSLF to GWLF for a subwatershed of the New York City Water Supply System. The spatial distribution of runoff from VSLF is more physically realistic than the estimates from GWLF. This has important consequences for water quality modeling, and for the use of models to evaluate and guide watershed management, because correctly predicting the coincidence of runoff generation and pollutant sources is critical to simulating non-point source (NPS) pollution transported by runoff.

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Distributed hydrological modelling of total dissolved phosphorus transport in an agricultural landscape, part I: distributed runoff generation

Cited by 32 publications

References 31 publications

Hydrologic assessment of an urban variable source watershed in the northeast United States

Hydrologic assessment of an urban variable source watershed in the northeast United States

Modelling variable source area dynamics in a CEAP watershed

Incorporating variable source area hydrology into a curve‐number‐based watershed model

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