Distributed-Feedback Quantum-Cascade Lasers at 9 $\mu$m Operating in Continuous Wave Up to 423 K

Wittmann, Angela; Bonetti, Yargo; Fischer, M.; Faist, Jérôme; Blaser, Stéphane; Gini, E.

doi:10.1109/lpt.2009.2019117

Cited by 61 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The temperature profiles T(x) are referenced to the lasing section at threshold Tpxq " Tpxq´T 0 with the base temperature T 0 = 0˝C. ∆T(x) in turn can be used to calculate a temperature and position dependent effective refractive index n eff (∆T, x) [5,23]:…”

Section: Fem and Tmm Simulation Of The Internal Etalonmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dual-Section DFB-QCLs for Multi-Species Trace Gas Analysis

et al. 2016

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Abstract:We report on the dynamic behavior of dual-wavelength distributed feedback (DFB) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) in continuous wave and intermittent continuous wave operation. We investigate inherent etaloning effects based on spectrally resolved light-current-voltage (LIV) characterization and perform time-resolved spectral analysis of thermal chirping during long (>5 µs) current pulses. The theoretical aspects of the observed behavior are discussed using a combination of finite element method simulations and transfer matrix method calculations of dual-section DFB structures. Based on these results, we demonstrate how the internal etaloning can be minimized using anti-reflective (AR) coatings. Finally, the potential and benefits of these devices for high precision trace gas analysis are demonstrated using a laser absorption spectroscopic setup. Thereby, the atmospherically highly relevant compounds CO 2 (including its major isotopologues), CO and N 2 O are simultaneously determined with a precision of 0.16 ppm, 0.22 ppb and 0.26 ppb, respectively, using a 1-s integration time and an optical path-length of 36 m. This creates exciting new opportunities in the development of compact, multi-species trace gas analyzers.

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Section: Fem and Tmm Simulation Of The Internal Etalonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ΔT(x) in turn can be used to calculate a temperature and position dependent effective refractive index neff(ΔT, x) [5,23]:…”

Section: Fem and Tmm Simulation Of The Internal Etalonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-Section DFB-QCLs for Multi-Species Trace Gas Analysis

et al. 2016

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“…Distributed-feedback (DFB) lasers are attractive in many sensing applications, such as laser-based chemical bond spectroscopy, gas analysis [19], and explosive detection [20], which require a single frequency, narrow-linewidth source. Typically, gratings for QCLs are defined on the laser ridge sidewalls [21], as a surface grating on the top of the laser [22], or buried within a cladding layer [23]. Heterogeneous integration offers the additional option of etching a shallow surface grating into the silicon waveguide underneath the III-V mesa [24], to provide distributed feedback without the need for epitaxial regrowth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneously Integrated Distributed Feedback Quantum Cascade Lasers on Silicon

et al. 2016

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Silicon integration of mid-infrared (MIR) photonic devices promises to enable low-cost, compact sensing and detection capabilities that are compatible with existing silicon photonic and silicon electronic technologies. Heterogeneous integration by bonding III-V wafers to silicon waveguides has been employed previously to build integrated diode lasers for wavelengths from 1310 to 2010 nm. Recently, Fabry-Pérot Quantum Cascade Lasers integrated on silicon provided a 4800 nm light source for mid-infrared (MIR) silicon photonic applications. Distributed feedback (DFB) lasers are appealing for many high-sensitivity chemical spectroscopic sensing applications that require a single frequency, narrow-linewidth MIR source. While heterogeneously integrated 1550 nm DFB lasers have been demonstrated by introducing a shallow surface grating on a silicon waveguide within the active region, no mid-infrared DFB laser on silicon has been reported to date. Here we demonstrate quantum cascade DFB lasers heterogeneously integrated with silicon-on-nitride-on-insulator (SONOI) waveguides. These lasers emit over 200 mW of pulsed power at room temperature and operate up to 100˝C. Although the output is not single mode, the DFB grating nonetheless imposes wavelength selectivity with 22 nm of thermal tuning.

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“…Their capability to operate in a very wide frequency range makes them very convenient devices for optical sensing applications. In particular, single frequency emitter devices have demonstrated both very large continuous wave optical output power up to 2.4 W [31], high-temperature operation in continuous wave operation [32] and low electrical dissipation below a watt [33]. The physics of quantum cascade laser is, in addition, very beneficial for their operation as broadband gain medium.…”

Section: Qcl Combs Qcl Broadband Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Cascade Laser Frequency Combs

Faist

Villares²,

Scalari³

et al. 2016

Nanophotonics

193

137

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It was recently demonstrated that broadband quantum cascade lasers can operate as frequency combs. As such, they operate under direct electrical pumping at both mid-infrared and THz frequencies, making them very attractive for dual-comb spectroscopy. Performance levels are continuously improving, with average powers over 100 mW and frequency coverage of 100 cm −1 in the midinfrared region. In the THz range, 10 mW of average power and 600 GHz of frequency coverage are reported. As a result of the very short upper state lifetime of the gain medium, the mode proliferation in these sources arises from four-wave mixing rather than saturable absorption. As a result, their optical output is characterized by the tendency of small intensity modulation of the output power, and the relative phases of the modes to be similar to the ones of a frequency modulated laser. Recent results include the proof of comb operation down to a metrological level, the observation of a Schawlow-Townes broadened linewidth, as well as the first dual-comb spectroscopy measurements. The capability of the structure to integrate monothically nonlinear optical elements as well as to operate as a detector shows great promise for future chip integration of dual-comb systems.

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Distributed-Feedback Quantum-Cascade Lasers at 9 $\mu$m Operating in Continuous Wave Up to 423 K

Cited by 61 publications

References 11 publications

Dual-Section DFB-QCLs for Multi-Species Trace Gas Analysis

Dual-Section DFB-QCLs for Multi-Species Trace Gas Analysis

Heterogeneously Integrated Distributed Feedback Quantum Cascade Lasers on Silicon

Quantum Cascade Laser Frequency Combs

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