“…() in English lakes. The only Zygoptera species associated with degraded environments was Acanthagrion adustum , which is frequently found in lentic environments, such as swamps and ponds, and its larvae are associated with macrophytes and debris (Fulan & Henry ). Because their oviposition is endophytic (the eggs remain protected within plant tissues), their relationship with degraded environments may result from an increase in macrophyte cover (Fulan & Henry ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The only Zygoptera species associated with degraded environments was Acanthagrion adustum , which is frequently found in lentic environments, such as swamps and ponds, and its larvae are associated with macrophytes and debris (Fulan & Henry ). Because their oviposition is endophytic (the eggs remain protected within plant tissues), their relationship with degraded environments may result from an increase in macrophyte cover (Fulan & Henry ). Macrophyte proliferation is associated with the dams present in most degraded streams (forming lentic stretches) as a consequence of the construction of roads across streams, which is also commonly associated with high levels of vegetation loss (Ribera & Vogler ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Studies in the Neotropics have shown that more individuals and species of adult and larval odonate can be found during the dry season than the wet season (Baptista et al . ; Fulan & Henry ). We always sampled the sites between 1000 and 1400 h, and only when sunlight reached the stream, because these conditions are necessary to ensure that all odonate groups (thermal conformers, heliothermic and endothermic) are active at the sample time (May ; De Marco & Resende ).…”
Sensitive and cost-effective indicators of aquatic ecosystem condition in Amazon streams are necessary to assess the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on those systems in a viable and ecologically meaningful manner. We conducted the present study in the municipality of Paragominas, state of Pará, northern Brazil, where we sampled adult dragonflies in 50 100-m-long wadeable stream sites in 2011. We collected 1769 specimens represented by 11 families, 41 genera and 97 species. The suborder Zygoptera contributed 961 individuals and Anisoptera 808. Among the 97 recorded species, nine were classified as useful indicators of ecological condition, with four species being associated with more degraded streams (three Anisoptera, one Zygoptera) and five with more preserved streams (all were Zygoptera). Anisoptera (dragonflies) tend to provide more useful indicators of more degraded environments because they have more efficient homeostatic mechanisms and are more mobile, enabling them to tolerate a wider range of environmental conditions. By contrast, Zygoptera (damselflies) tend to provide a more useful role as indicators of more preserved environments and high levels of environmental heterogeneity because of their smaller body sizes and home ranges and greater ecophysiological restrictions. We conclude from our assessment of this low-order Amazonian stream system that (i) the occurrence of specific odonate species is strongly associated with the configuration of riparian vegetation, (ii) agricultural activities appear to be the main factor determining changes in the composition of odonate assemblages and (iii) these insects can act as useful indicators of the ecological consequences of riparian habitat loss and disturbance. Because generalist species invade moderately degraded areas, those areas may have high species richness but host few species of Zygoptera. Therefore, preserving dense riparian vegetation is necessary to maintain aquatic ecological condition, and that condition can be rehabilitated by planting new trees. Both require enforcing existing environmental regulations, various types of incentives and educating local communities.
“…() in English lakes. The only Zygoptera species associated with degraded environments was Acanthagrion adustum , which is frequently found in lentic environments, such as swamps and ponds, and its larvae are associated with macrophytes and debris (Fulan & Henry ). Because their oviposition is endophytic (the eggs remain protected within plant tissues), their relationship with degraded environments may result from an increase in macrophyte cover (Fulan & Henry ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The only Zygoptera species associated with degraded environments was Acanthagrion adustum , which is frequently found in lentic environments, such as swamps and ponds, and its larvae are associated with macrophytes and debris (Fulan & Henry ). Because their oviposition is endophytic (the eggs remain protected within plant tissues), their relationship with degraded environments may result from an increase in macrophyte cover (Fulan & Henry ). Macrophyte proliferation is associated with the dams present in most degraded streams (forming lentic stretches) as a consequence of the construction of roads across streams, which is also commonly associated with high levels of vegetation loss (Ribera & Vogler ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Studies in the Neotropics have shown that more individuals and species of adult and larval odonate can be found during the dry season than the wet season (Baptista et al . ; Fulan & Henry ). We always sampled the sites between 1000 and 1400 h, and only when sunlight reached the stream, because these conditions are necessary to ensure that all odonate groups (thermal conformers, heliothermic and endothermic) are active at the sample time (May ; De Marco & Resende ).…”
Sensitive and cost-effective indicators of aquatic ecosystem condition in Amazon streams are necessary to assess the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on those systems in a viable and ecologically meaningful manner. We conducted the present study in the municipality of Paragominas, state of Pará, northern Brazil, where we sampled adult dragonflies in 50 100-m-long wadeable stream sites in 2011. We collected 1769 specimens represented by 11 families, 41 genera and 97 species. The suborder Zygoptera contributed 961 individuals and Anisoptera 808. Among the 97 recorded species, nine were classified as useful indicators of ecological condition, with four species being associated with more degraded streams (three Anisoptera, one Zygoptera) and five with more preserved streams (all were Zygoptera). Anisoptera (dragonflies) tend to provide more useful indicators of more degraded environments because they have more efficient homeostatic mechanisms and are more mobile, enabling them to tolerate a wider range of environmental conditions. By contrast, Zygoptera (damselflies) tend to provide a more useful role as indicators of more preserved environments and high levels of environmental heterogeneity because of their smaller body sizes and home ranges and greater ecophysiological restrictions. We conclude from our assessment of this low-order Amazonian stream system that (i) the occurrence of specific odonate species is strongly associated with the configuration of riparian vegetation, (ii) agricultural activities appear to be the main factor determining changes in the composition of odonate assemblages and (iii) these insects can act as useful indicators of the ecological consequences of riparian habitat loss and disturbance. Because generalist species invade moderately degraded areas, those areas may have high species richness but host few species of Zygoptera. Therefore, preserving dense riparian vegetation is necessary to maintain aquatic ecological condition, and that condition can be rehabilitated by planting new trees. Both require enforcing existing environmental regulations, various types of incentives and educating local communities.
“…The mean annual precipitation is 1,766 mm/year, the mean annual temperature is 27 • C and the relative humidity is 81% [45]. The Santarém/Belterra municipalities ( 53 18 W, respectively) are located in the western region of the state of Pará, with a slightly higher rainfall (on average 1920 mm/year), mean annual temperature of 25 • C and relative humidity of 86% [46]. The prevailing climate of Paragominas is "Af", of Santarém is "Am", and of Belterra is "Amw" according to the Köppen classification, and are characterized as tropical rainy with a short well-defined dry season (Figure 1).…”
Section: Study Areasmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The rainy season (December to May) was not included in the study because of the ecophysiological requirements of Odonata (high precipitation may reduce the effectiveness of sampling procedures; see [23,50,51]. In addition, some studies have also shown that the greatest richness and abundance of adult Odonata occur in the dry season [49,52,53]. The shallower depth of the water column during this period causes these insects to focus on smaller areas, which allowed us to find and capture them more easily [54,55].…”
Section: Biological Sampling and Laboratory Proceduresmentioning
Since the relative role of local and regional abiotic factors on the Odonata diversity in rainforest streams is still poorly understood, we evaluated the effects of these factors on adult Odonata (Insecta) from preserved and altered streams in the Amazonian region. Adult Odonata were sampled in 98 streams in the Eastern Amazon, Pará, Brazil. Six variables were used to measure local environmental factors: habitat integrity index; mean canopy over the channel; and four physical and chemical descriptors of the water. To measure regional environmental factors, six variables were also used: altitude gradient, three bioclimatic variables and two percentage forest variables. In partial redundancy analysis, both abiotic factors (local and regional) were important to explain the variation in the Odonata community. The Odonata community can be influenced by regional and local factors. The relationship between Odonata and the local (e.g., integrity, canopy cover, and physical and chemical descriptors of the water) and regional (e.g., bioclimatic and forest cover variables) environmental variables recorded in this study has important implications for the use of these organisms to monitor small streams of the Eastern Amazon. The scale at which habitat is measured is an important issue in community structuring studies considering the rapid environmental changes. It is of great importance to consider the different scales in studies assessing community structure, once an adequate habitat must meet the ecological needs of all stages of the life of the Odonata.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.