Distortions in definite distance and shape perception as measured by reaching without and with haptic feedback.

Bingham, Geoffrey P.; Zaal, Frank T. J. M.; Robin, Daniel; Shull, J. Alexander

doi:10.1037/0096-1523.26.4.1436

Cited by 64 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Not having this information might have resulted in a loss of calibration and no chance of recovery (cf. Bingham et al, 2000). Some participants reported that they had the impression that they were just waving their arms, not knowing how that movement related to where the ball was going.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The information for catching fly balls: Judging and intercepting virtual balls in a CAVE.

Zaal¹,

Michaels²

2003

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Visually guided action implies the existence of information as well as a control law relating that information to movement. For ball catching, the Chapman Strategy-keeping constant the rate of change of the tangent of the elevation angle (d(tan(␣))/dt)-leads a catcher to the right location at the right time to intercept a fly ball. Previous studies showed the ability to detect the information and the consistency of running patterns with the use of the strategy. However, only direct manipulation of information can show its use. Participants were asked to intercept virtual balls in a Cave Automated Virtual Environment (CAVE) or to judge whether balls would pass behind or in front of them. Catchers in the CAVE successfully intercepted virtual balls with their forehead. Furthermore, the timing of judgments was related to the patterns of changing d(tan(␣))/dt. The advantages and disadvantages of a CAVE as a tool for studying interceptive action are discussed.The visual guidance of goal-directed movement implies the existence of information for controlling that movement as well as a control law expressing the relation between this information and the forces to be exerted by the organism to realize that movement. It is the task of the student of perception-action to discover both the implied information and the control laws for the task under study. For the specific task of catching a fly ball, some progress has been made in identifying the information as well as the control law associated with this information. In this article we argue, however, that not all alternatives have been ruled out by previous studies. To provide an unequivocal test of whether the rate of change of the tangent of the elevation angle (or, equivalently, optical acceleration; definitions are given below) is the information used in fly-ball catching, we performed experiments using virtual reality techniques while at the same time assessing the usefulness of virtual reality for the study of perception-action tasks such as catching fly balls.Most of the theoretical work on the interception of fly balls bears at least some relation to the proposal made by the physicist Seville Chapman in 1968. He considered the situation in which a ball travels along the sagittal plane toward a fielder. Chapman ignored the effects of air resistance (drag) on the ball and consequently assumed that the ball would follow a parabolic path. His mathematical analysis showed that the tangent of the angle of elevation, defined as the angle ␣ between the horizontal and the line connecting the ball with the point of observation, increases at a constant rate if the ball will land exactly at the point of observation. A constant optical velocity, that is, a constant d(tan(␣))/dt, will also occur if a catcher runs at a constant speed to arrive at the landing location of the ball at the same time as the ball does. An increasing d(tan(␣))/dt specifies that the ball will fly over the catcher's head. To catch the ball, the catcher should start running backward or, if he or she is alr...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The information for catching fly balls: Judging and intercepting virtual balls in a CAVE.

Zaal¹,

Michaels²

2003

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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“…The apparent conflict can be reconciled by the fact that reports of inaccurate distance perception have come from situations in which participants received no feedback about the outcome of their movement (i.e., they remained in a visual-open-loop environment throughout the experiment). In line with this, a number of research studies have demonstrated that reaches increasingly drift from visually targeted locations as feedback information is removed (Bingham, Zaal, Robin, & Shull, 2000;Vindras & Viviani, 1998;Wann & Ibrahim, 1992;Wickelgren, McConnell, & Bingham, 2000). These observations paint a picture of a nervous system that continually needs to adapt its behavior because it is subject to biological noise.…”

mentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Importantly, Bingham and Pagano (1998) found that accurate performance could be regained by the provision of calibration information even when the quality of the visual information was poor. A number of other studies have indicated the need for feedback information in skilled movement (Bingham, Bradley, Bailey, & Vinner, 2001;Bingham, Zaal, et al, 2000;Loftus et al, 2004;Bingham, Coats, & Mon-Williams, 2007;Wickelgren, McConnell, & Bingham, 2000). The need for calibration is well illustrated by the moving sidewalks present in airports.…”

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confidence: 99%

Calibrating reach distance to visual targets.

Mon-Williams¹,

Bingham²

2007

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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The authors investigated the calibration of reach distance by gradually distorting the haptic feedback obtained when participants grasped visible target objects. The authors found that the modified relationship between visually specified distance and reach distance could be captured by a straight-line mapping function. Thus, the relation could be described using 2 parameters: bias and slope. The authors investigated whether calibration generalized across reach space with respect to changes in bias and slope. In Experiment 1, the authors showed that both bias and slope recalibrate. In Experiment 2, they tested the symmetries of reach space with respect to changes in bias. They discovered that reach space is asymmetric, with the bias shifting inward more readily than outward. The authors measured how rapidly the system calibrated and the stability of calibration once feedback was removed. In Experiment 3, they showed that bias and slope can be calibrated independently of one another. In Experiment 4, the authors showed that these calibration effects are not cognitively penetrable.

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“…A third, and maybe the most compelling, reason for the indispensability of the process of calibration is that perceptual-motor systems are demonstrated to drift in the absence of feedback. For instance, participants who were to reach to previously seen objects progressively lose their accuracy when visual and haptic feedback on the outcome of the reaches is absent (Bingham et al, 2000). This suggests that calibration is a continual process.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer of Calibration Between Length and Sweet-Spot Perception by Dynamic Touch

Withagen

Michaels

2007

Ecological Psychology

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Distortions in definite distance and shape perception as measured by reaching without and with haptic feedback.

Cited by 64 publications

References 45 publications

The information for catching fly balls: Judging and intercepting virtual balls in a CAVE.

The information for catching fly balls: Judging and intercepting virtual balls in a CAVE.

Calibrating reach distance to visual targets.

Transfer of Calibration Between Length and Sweet-Spot Perception by Dynamic Touch

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