Abstract:Trichomes are specialized epidermal structures that function as physical and chemical deterrents against arthropod herbivores. Aerial tissues of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) are populated by several morphologically distinct trichome types, the most abundant of which is the type VI glandular trichome that produces various specialized metabolites. Here, the effect of the hairless (hl) mutation on trichome density and morphology, chemical composition, and resistance to a natural insect herbivore of to… Show more
“…The presence, density and distribution of the trichome types depends on the tomato genotype, organs/tissue, age and environmental conditions (Wilkens et al 1996;Gurr and McGrath 2001;Kang et al 2010). Solanum galapagense has no type II and III, few type I, VI and VII, very few type V, but very abundant type IV trichomes ).…”
Section: Whitefly Resistance Changes Over Timementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Examples of such exudates are methylketones such as 2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone which are present at high concentrations in type IV and VI of trichomes and are believed to have an insecticidal effect on several arthropods (Lin et al 1987;Kashyap et al 1991;McDowell et al 2011). Glandular trichomes can also produce zingiberene and sesquiterpene compounds which play role as repellence (Maluf et al 2001;Bleeker et al 2009;Kang et al 2010). Different compounds were identified in S. pennellii and S. pimpinellifolium type IV trichomes.…”
Section: Whitefly Resistance Changes Over Timementioning
Bemisia tabaci is one of the most threatening pests in agriculture, particularly in Solanaceous crops such as tomato and pepper that are cultivated in the open field. Pesticide application is often not effective and hazardous to humans and environment. The exploitation of plant natural defenses that are present in wild relatives of tomato, may offer a solution. To evaluate resistance parameters and to identify plant material with high levels of resistance, we screened a number of accessions of tomato wild relatives using three methods; a free-choice test in a screenhouse in Indonesia, a no-choice test with clip-on cages in a greenhouse and a leaf disc test in a climate-room in the Netherlands. Antibiosis resulting in low adult survival was the major component for resistance in tomato. However, other resistance component(s) may play a role as well. In some accessions there was a change in the resistance level over time. Several resistance parameters used in the different tests were well correlated. The best resistance source was an accession of Solanum galapagense, which had not been identified as being resistant in the past. This is of particular interest as this species is closely related to the cultivated tomato, which may facilitate introgression of the resistance component(s). Whitefly non-preference and resistance were associated with the presence of type IV trichomes. Other mechanisms might be involved since some accessions without type IV trichomes showed low nymphal density. The leaf disc test is a good in vitro alternative for the clip-on cage whitefly resistance screening, as shown by the high correlation between the results obtained with this test and the clip-on cage test. This offers breeders the possibility to carry out tests more efficiently.
“…The presence, density and distribution of the trichome types depends on the tomato genotype, organs/tissue, age and environmental conditions (Wilkens et al 1996;Gurr and McGrath 2001;Kang et al 2010). Solanum galapagense has no type II and III, few type I, VI and VII, very few type V, but very abundant type IV trichomes ).…”
Section: Whitefly Resistance Changes Over Timementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Examples of such exudates are methylketones such as 2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone which are present at high concentrations in type IV and VI of trichomes and are believed to have an insecticidal effect on several arthropods (Lin et al 1987;Kashyap et al 1991;McDowell et al 2011). Glandular trichomes can also produce zingiberene and sesquiterpene compounds which play role as repellence (Maluf et al 2001;Bleeker et al 2009;Kang et al 2010). Different compounds were identified in S. pennellii and S. pimpinellifolium type IV trichomes.…”
Section: Whitefly Resistance Changes Over Timementioning
Bemisia tabaci is one of the most threatening pests in agriculture, particularly in Solanaceous crops such as tomato and pepper that are cultivated in the open field. Pesticide application is often not effective and hazardous to humans and environment. The exploitation of plant natural defenses that are present in wild relatives of tomato, may offer a solution. To evaluate resistance parameters and to identify plant material with high levels of resistance, we screened a number of accessions of tomato wild relatives using three methods; a free-choice test in a screenhouse in Indonesia, a no-choice test with clip-on cages in a greenhouse and a leaf disc test in a climate-room in the Netherlands. Antibiosis resulting in low adult survival was the major component for resistance in tomato. However, other resistance component(s) may play a role as well. In some accessions there was a change in the resistance level over time. Several resistance parameters used in the different tests were well correlated. The best resistance source was an accession of Solanum galapagense, which had not been identified as being resistant in the past. This is of particular interest as this species is closely related to the cultivated tomato, which may facilitate introgression of the resistance component(s). Whitefly non-preference and resistance were associated with the presence of type IV trichomes. Other mechanisms might be involved since some accessions without type IV trichomes showed low nymphal density. The leaf disc test is a good in vitro alternative for the clip-on cage whitefly resistance screening, as shown by the high correlation between the results obtained with this test and the clip-on cage test. This offers breeders the possibility to carry out tests more efficiently.
“…For example, two commonly cultivated species, Solanum lycopersicon (tomato) and Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), have multiple types of glandular trichomes [7,9,13], whereas the common non-domesticated weeds Solanum elaeagnifolium and Solanum carolinense are devoid of any glandular trichomes, but have a dense mat of non-glandular stellate trichomes [3,5,14], (Figure 1). Here using multiple species from Solanaceae, we examined the effects of trichome type X M. sexta larval instar on feeding initiation.10.1080/19420889.2018.1486653-F0001Figure 1.(a) Trichome morphology of S. eleaegnifolium.…”
Leaf trichomes play well-established roles in defense against insect herbivores, both as a physical barrier that impedes herbivore movement and by mediating chemical defenses. However, little work has examined how different trichome types influence herbivory by herbivores at different stages of development. We examined whether caterpillar instar and trichome type (glandular or non-glandular) affected the ability of the specialist herbivore caterpillar Manduca sexta to initiate feeding on 11 Solanaceous species exhibiting variation in the density and type of leaf trichomes. Our results suggest that non-glandular trichomes are far more effective than glandular trichomes in deterring the initiation of feeding by first- and second-instar caterpillars. Meanwhile, neither glandular nor non-glandular trichomes significantly affected the ability of third-instar caterpillars to commence feeding. These findings suggest that while non-glandular trichomes deter feeding initiation by early instar caterpillars, the contribution of both trichomes on later instars may depend on effects after feeding initiation.
“…These structures perform important biological functions, such as discouraging herbivory, attracting pollinators, and maintaining a boundary layer (Nihoul, 1993;Van Dam and Hare, 1998;Kennedy, 2003;Moyano et al, 2003;Simmons and Gurr, 2005;Liu et al, 2006;Horgan et al, 2007;Gonzalez et al, 2008;Romero et al, 2008;Nonomura et al, 2009;Kang et al, 2010). Many of these functions are the result of the specialized nature of glandular trichomes (glands) as sites for the synthesis and storage of biologically active specialized metabolites (Alonso et al, 1992;Antonious, 2001;Iijima et al, 2004;Siebert, 2004;Deschamps et al, 2006;Nagel et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2008;Biswas et al, 2009;Sallaud et al, 2009).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The glandular trichomes of Solanum, on the other hand, first described by Luckwill (1943) and later reviewed extensively by Simmons and Gurr (2005), have been described as consisting of four distinct classes (types 1, 4, 6, and 7). The density of these glandular trichome types can vary according to species, cultivar, tissue, and environmental conditions (Luckwill, 1943;Wilkens et al, 1996;Economou et al, 2006;Maluf et al, 2007;Kang et al, 2010). The glandular trichome types differ according to the size and length of the supporting stalk as well as the number of secretory cells making up the glandular tip.…”
Glandular trichomes play important roles in protecting plants from biotic attack by producing defensive compounds. We investigated the metabolic profiles and transcriptomes to characterize the differences between different glandular trichome types in several domesticated and wild Solanum species: Solanum lycopersicum (glandular trichome types 1, 6, and 7), Solanum habrochaites (types 1, 4, and 6), Solanum pennellii (types 4 and 6), Solanum arcanum (type 6), and Solanum pimpinellifolium (type 6). Substantial chemical differences in and between Solanum species and glandular trichome types are likely determined by the regulation of metabolism at several levels. Comparison of S. habrochaites type 1 and 4 glandular trichomes revealed few differences in chemical content or transcript abundance, leading to the conclusion that these two glandular trichome types are the same and differ perhaps only in stalk length. The observation that all of the other species examined here contain either type 1 or 4 trichomes (not both) supports the conclusion that these two trichome types are the same. Most differences in metabolites between type 1 and 4 glands on the one hand and type 6 glands on the other hand are quantitative but not qualitative. Several glandular trichome types express genes associated with photosynthesis and carbon fixation, indicating that some carbon destined for specialized metabolism is likely fixed within the trichome secretory cells. Finally, Solanum type 7 glandular trichomes do not appear to be involved in the biosynthesis and storage of specialized metabolites and thus likely serve another unknown function, perhaps as the site of the synthesis of protease inhibitors.Trichomes are epidermal structures widely conserved across the plant kingdom (Kim and Mahlberg, 1991;Wagner, 1991;Alonso et al., 1992;Yu et al., 1992;Kolb and Muller, 2003;Valkama et al., 2003;Giuliani and Bini, 2008). These structures perform important biological functions, such as discouraging herbivory, attracting pollinators, and maintaining a boundary layer (Nihoul, 1993;Van Dam and Hare, 1998;Kennedy, 2003;Moyano et al., 2003;Simmons and Gurr, 2005;Liu et al., 2006;Horgan et al., 2007;Gonzalez et al., 2008;Romero et al., 2008;Nonomura et al., 2009;Kang et al., 2010). Many of these functions are the result of the specialized nature of glandular trichomes (glands) as sites for the synthesis and storage of biologically active specialized metabolites (Alonso et al
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