Distinguishing fuel and lubricating oil combustion products in diesel engine exhaust particles

Carbone, Samara; Timonen, Hilkka; Rostedt, Antti; Happonen, Matti; Rönkkö, Topi; Keskinen, Jorma; Ristimäki, Jyrki; Korpi, Heikki; Artaxo, Paulo; Canagaratna, Manjula R.; Worsnop, Douglas R.; Canonaco, Francesco; Prévôt, Andrê S. H.; Hillamo, Risto; Saarikoski, Sanna

doi:10.1080/02786826.2019.1584389

Cited by 33 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The C1 + /C3 + ratios of rBC associated with HOA and MO-OOA were 0.54 and 0.66, respectively, which were 20 within the range of those emitted from aircraft-turbine, regal black (i.e., a BC standard for SP-AMS calibration) and particles produced by a propane diffusion flame (0.50 -0.78) (Corbin et al, 2014). More importantly, the C1 + /C3 + ratio of rBC associated with HOA is close to those reported for diesel engine exhaust (Carbone et al, 2019;Corbin et al, 2014;Onasch et al, 2012). Despite the similar C1 + /C3 + ratios, the potential sources of rBC associated with MO-OOA were likely different to those associated with HOA as MO-OOA were influenced by 25 regional biomass burning events (see Section 3.5).…”

supporting

confidence: 77%

“…The presence of sodium compounds in fuel, including remaining catalyst 10 used for biodiesel esterification, drying agents, corrosion inhibitors and fuel additives, has been previously observed as a cause of fuel injectors fouling (Barker et al, 2013;Coordinating Research Council, 2013), and hence co-emissions of Na with rBC-containing particles from on-road engines was highly possible. Recent experiments conducted with SP-AMS measurements also reported non-negligible amounts of Na in soot particles emitted by marine, locomotive and vehicle engines (Carbone et al, 2019;Corbin et al, 2018;Dallmann et al, 15 2014;Omidvarborna et al, 2016;Saarikoski et al, 2017). Na + is widely used for identifying the influence of marine sources in source apportionment analysis, hence the potential contribution of sea spray aerosols to Na + signals cannot be neglected, especially for those factors (i.e., O-HOA and LO-OOA) connected to sea breeze transport.…”

Section: Combustion Tracersmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…It is important to note that the period with elevated concentrations of sulfate and sulfur-containing fragments were synchronized with the sea breeze from the southwest, from which the industrial emissions could be carried to our 5 sampling site (Figure 2 and S4e). Therefore , the enhancements of sulfate and organo-sulfur could be due to oxidation of biogenic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emitted from the ocean which can produce methylsulfonic acid (MSA) and SO4 2- (Ge et al, 2012;Saarikoski et al, 2019;Willis et al, 2016;Xu et al, 2017) in addition to the local anthropogenic sources such as SO2 emitted from shipping activities and industries (e.g., oil refinery in this study) (Ripoll et al, 2015;Rivellini et al, 2017;Saliba et al, 2010). The sulfur-containing fragments measured 10 by the SP-AMS, including CH3SO + , CH2SO2 + and CH3SO2 + that could be attributed to both MSA and organosulfur compounds (Farmer et al, 2010), followed the temporal trends of SO4 2-.…”

Section: Acidic Sulfate and Organo-sulfur Formation During Sea Breezementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, a few refractory metal ions (K + , Na + , Ni + , V + , Rb + ) were included (in Hz) into the PMF model ( Figure S2g-i) for tracing potential sources of OA and rBC. A similar approach was applied by Carbone et al (2019) including rBC fragments, calcium ( 42 Ca + ) and zinc ( 68 Zn + ) isotopic ions, to 15 distinguish between lubricating oil and fuel OA types emitted at the exhaust of diesel engines. Note that the correction approach for obtaining refractory Cn + signals can only be applied when both mass spectra and time series of each OA component identified in the laser-off and laser-on PMF analysis are similar.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols in Singapore: insight from black carbon fragments and trace metal ions detected by a soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer

Rivellini¹,

Adam²,

Kasthuriarachchi³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Abstract. Understanding sources and atmospheric processes that can influence the physio-chemical properties of carbonaceous aerosols are essential to evaluate their impacts on air quality and climate. However, resolving the sources, emission characteristics and aging processes of carbonaceous aerosols in complex urban environments remain challenging. In this work, a soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was deployed to characterize organic aerosols (OA), refractory BC (rBC) and trace metals in Singapore, a highly urbanized city with multiple local and regional air pollution sources in the tropical region. rBC (C1+&#8211;C9+) fragments and trace metals ions (K+, Na+, Ni+, V+ and Rb+) were integrated into our positive matrix factorization of OA. Two types of fossil fuel combustion-related OA with different degree of oxygenation were identified. This work provides evidence that over 90&#8201;% of rBC was originated from local combustion sources with ~&#8201;30&#8201;% of them associated with the fresh secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced under the influences of industrial emissions during daytime. The results also show that ~&#8201;43&#8201;% of the total rBC was emitted from local traffic, and the rest of rBC fraction due to multiple sources, including vehicular, shipping and industrial emissions, being not fully resolved. There was only a weak association between the cooking-related OA component and rBC. Although there was no observable biomass burning episode during the sampling period, tracers for biomass burning, K+ and Rb+, were mainly associated with the more-oxidized oxygenated OA component (~&#8201;32&#8201;% of the total OA), indicating significant contributions of regional biomass burning emissions to this aged OA component. Furthermore, the aerosol pollutants transported from the industrial area and shipping ports gave higher C1+/C3+ and V+/Ni+ ratios than those associated with traffic and biomass burning. The observed association between Na+ and rBC suggests that the contribution of anthropogenic emissions to total particulate sodium should not be ignored in coastal urban environments. Overall, this work demonstrates that rBC fragments and trace metal ions can improve our understanding on the sources, emissions characteristics and aging history of carbonaceous aerosol (OA and rBC) in this type of complex urban environments.

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supporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Combustion Tracersmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Acidic Sulfate and Organo-sulfur Formation During Sea Breezementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols in Singapore: insight from black carbon fragments and trace metal ions detected by a soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer

Rivellini¹,

Adam²,

Kasthuriarachchi³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Interesting remark is that EC/OC ratio for E85 was remarkably on side of OC. This indicates that major portion of PM might be originated from the lubrication oils, as OC fraction have been associated with lubrication oil in multiple studies [12,51,68]. This might also be one underlying reason for differences between toxicity of E10 and E85, as there are indications that carbonaceous core of PM work as important carrier of the more toxic compounds, e.g.…”

Section: E85mentioning

confidence: 96%

Toxicological evaluation of exhaust emissions from light-duty vehicles using different fuel alternatives in sub-freezing conditions

et al. 2020

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Background: Emissions from road traffic are under constant discussion since they pose a major threat to human health despite the increasingly strict emission targets and regulations. Although the new passenger car regulations have been very effective in reducing the particulate matter (PM) emissions, the aged car fleet in some EU countries remains a substantial source of PM emissions. Moreover, toxicity of PM emissions from multiple new types of biobased fuels remain uncertain and different driving conditions such as the sub-zero running temperature has been shown to affect the emissions. Overall, the current literature and experimental knowledge on the toxicology of these PM emissions and conditions is scarce. Methods: In the present study, we show that exhaust gas PM from newly regulated passenger cars fueled by different fuels at sub-zero temperatures, induce toxicological responses in vitro. We used exhaust gas volume-based PM doses to give us better insight on the real-life exposure and included one older diesel car to estimate the effect of the new emissions regulations. Results: In cars compliant with the new regulations, gasoline (E10) displayed the highest PM concentrations and toxicological responses, while the higher ethanol blend (E85) resulted in slightly lower exhaust gas PM concentrations and notably lower toxicological responses in comparison. Engines powered by modern diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) yielded the lowest PM concentrations and toxicological responses. Conclusions: The present study shows that toxicity of the exhaust gas PM varies depending on the fuels used. Additionally, concentration and toxicity of PM from an older diesel car were vastly higher, compared to contemporary vehicles, indicating the beneficial effects of the new emissions regulations.

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Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Effect of Particulate Matter (PM10)

Marín-Palma

González

Valderrama

et al. 2023

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Distinguishing fuel and lubricating oil combustion products in diesel engine exhaust particles

Cited by 33 publications

References 50 publications

Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols in Singapore: insight from black carbon fragments and trace metal ions detected by a soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer

Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols in Singapore: insight from black carbon fragments and trace metal ions detected by a soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer

Toxicological evaluation of exhaust emissions from light-duty vehicles using different fuel alternatives in sub-freezing conditions

Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Effect of Particulate Matter (PM10)

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