Distinguishing European Trade Copper and North‐eastern North American Native Copper

Hancock, R. G. V.; Pavlish, L. A.; Farquhar, R. M.; Salloum, Ralph; Fox, William A.; Wilson, Graham C.

doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1991.tb00686.x

Cited by 42 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Abel and Burke, 2014;Dussubieux et al, 2008;Hancock et al, 1991); however, some analytical techniques or some facilities are not able to measure certain elements. For example, at the EAF, gold concentrations in copper cannot be determined by LA-ICP-MS as copper standard reference materials with certified values for this element are not available at this facility.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Native copper, Hancock et al (1994Hancock et al ( , 1993Hancock et al ( , 1991 Native copper, Wayman et al (1985) Native copper Dussubieux et al (2008) these types are "unexpected" in their contexts and might not be noticed in a large assemblage of metal artifacts. Artifacts from Category B show Native peoples' early adoption and modification of European materials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Archaeologists have visually documented Native American metalworking techniques applied to copper artifacts to categorize technological styles of working native and smelted copper (Latta et al, 1998;Anselmi, 2008). In addition, sophisticated analytical techniques such as Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) (Wayman et al, 1985;Hancock et al, 1991Hancock et al, , 1993Hancock et al, , 1994Cooper et al, 2008;Michelaki et al, 2013 (INAA of copper and brass)), Particle X-Ray Induced Emission (PIXE) (Gersch et al, 1998;Ehrhardt et al, 2000;Fleming and Swann, 2000), Laser Ablation e Inductively Coupled Plasma e Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) (McKnight, 2007;Dussubieux et al, 2008;Hill, 2012) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) (Ehrhardt and Kaiser, 2011;Abel and Burke, 2014) have been applied to determine the composition of metal artifacts. Previous research established that North American native copper contains very low levels of impurity in contrast with European smelted copper.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying American native and European smelted coppers with pXRF: a case study of artifacts from the Upper Great Lakes region

Dussubieux¹,

Walder²

2015

Journal of Archaeological Science

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying American native and European smelted coppers with pXRF: a case study of artifacts from the Upper Great Lakes region

Dussubieux¹,

Walder²

2015

Journal of Archaeological Science

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“…Since it is now possible to separate native copper, European copper and brass by their chemistries (Figzgerald and Ramsden 1988;Hancock et al 1991;Wayman ef al. 1985), the primary goals of this study were, using chemical analysis, to establish the above-noted broad copper-based metal types and to assess the relative similarities and/or differences within the chemical sub-groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Analysis of Copper Alloy Trade Metal From a Post‐contact Huron Site in Ontario, Canada

et al. 1995

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Fifty‐three copper‐based metal fragments, recovered from the Robitaille site in southcentral Ontario, were analysed by neutron activation to establish their chemical make‐up and to sort them by their trace elemental chemistries. Three different European copper samples, one brassy copper and 48 brass samples with five different chemistries were found. As few as eight trading actions may account for all of the recovered European metal fragments.

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“…These include small slivers of metallic articles, such as copper or brass, snipped from inconspicuous loci on archaeological metal artifacts. Samples from a project in which instrumental neutron activation (INAA) of -200-mg aliquots is the standard bulk -analytical method (Hancock et al 1991), were re-examined using a combination of wavelength-dispersive electron microprobe (10-element WDS-EPM) and AMS methods. Metal shavings were mounted in two polished formats: 1) thin sections with 20 2-5-mm slivers, suitable for metallographic study and EPM, and 2) sets of 12 sherds and standards in thick circular mounts, also suited to AMS of precious metals The metal phases of the coarser iron and stony-iron meteorites are well-suited to in-situ, single-crystal analysis by AMS.…”

Section: The Groningen Ams Tandetronmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abstracts of the 7th International AMS Conference

1996

Radiocarbon

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The AMS program at the S. Paulo 9MV Tandem accelerator has been initiated with major emphasis on projects based on the determination of 10Be, 26Al and 36C1 concentrations. A first report on this program was presented at the AMS Conference in Canberra (Tenreiro et al. 1994). Since then, progress has been achieved on the improvement of the voltage stability of the 8UD-9MV terminal and the ionic optics, controlled only by electrostatic elements, except for the analyzing magnet. An automatic system for changing beams of different isotopes has been developed, allowing the rejection of the stable beams before they reach the detector placed at the beam direction. The group from the Fluminense Federal University (UFF), in Niteroi, has helped in the design and construction of a new Bragg gas chamber detector, coupled with an E X DE telescope and a time-of-flight system. A new scattering chamber has also been designed at UFF, and it will be fully dedicated to the AMS program. Beams of 26A1 were produced via the 26Mg (p,n) 26Al reaction; 36C1 beams were produced from samples prepared from sea water from different places in South America and placed at a Cssputtering ion source. Both beams were successfully accelerated and detected. Recently, another group, from the Londrina State University, has joined the Brazilian AMS project. The main research programs related with the AMS technique, in Brazil, are based on Geological and Oceanographical studies. REFERENCE Tenreiro, C. et al. 1994 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B92. AMS SAMPLE HANDLING IN GRONINGENA. T. AERTS-BIJMA, H. MEIJER and J. VAN As is the case with the Groningen conventional laboratory, the AMS laboratory handles ca. 1000 samples annually such as water (DIC/DOC from groundwater and the ocean), marine carbonates, atmospheric C02, organic deposits such as peat, soils and macrofossils, and the complete spectrum of archaeological datable materials.The organic samples are combusted in a CN-analyzer, consisting of a flash combustion/purification unit and on-line mass spectrometer. The CO2 is trapped cryogenically and transferred to the graphitization setup. We employ one 10-fold and one 15-fold graphitization systems (ranging from 3 to 8 Since 1985, more than 5000 samples have been 14C dated with the Utrecht AMS facility. In this paper the present status of preparation, measurement and data analysis is discussed. A routine procedure is followed for samples of at least 0.5 mg carbon. The 14C/12C and the 13C/12C ratio are measured and normalized on those of the NOX standard. The AMS-measured S13C value is used to monitor the measurement and must agree within 1-2 a with that from conventional mass-spectrometry.Contamination in preparation and measurement is corrected for on the basis of the average value observed for the blanks (0.18-0.06 pMC). In routine 14C measurements on (sub)recent materials, the overall precision is ca. 0.4%. Measurements on samples containing <200 µg carbon reveal mass dependence in two respects: 1) the 14C/12C of a blank in...

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Distinguishing European Trade Copper and North‐eastern North American Native Copper

Cited by 42 publications

References 17 publications

Identifying American native and European smelted coppers with pXRF: a case study of artifacts from the Upper Great Lakes region

Identifying American native and European smelted coppers with pXRF: a case study of artifacts from the Upper Great Lakes region

Chemical Analysis of Copper Alloy Trade Metal From a Post‐contact Huron Site in Ontario, Canada

Abstracts of the 7th International AMS Conference

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