Distinguishing between Memory Illusions and Actual Memories Using Phenomenological Measurements and Explicit Warnings

Anastasi, Jeffrey S.; Rhodes, Matthew G.; Burns, Matthew

doi:10.2307/1423458

Cited by 70 publications

(63 citation statements)

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“…or otherwise made them reluctant to endorse any word related to a list theme. The effect of related lures was similar to the effect of warning participants about the DRM illusion just prior to the test (e.g., Anastasi et al, 2000;Gallo et al, 1997): Participants were more cautious but were not better able to distinguish critical lures from studied words. According to the activation-monitoring account, cueing use of the monitoring process at test by requiring participants to make finer discriminations between studied and nonstudied words should have reduced false recognition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…This warning reduced correct recognition but did not reduce false recognition. Warning also failed to decrease false recognition in Anastasi, Rhodes, and Burns (2000). Finally, Gallo, McDermott, Percer, and Roediger (2001) did find a decrease in false recognition after a warning, but the warning reduced correct recognition as well.…”

Section: Influences Of Encoding and Test Manipulations On The Drm Illmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Unfortunately, the evidence to date suggests that testbased manipulations have limited success at selectively reducing false recognition (Experiments 1 and 2; Anastasi et al, 2000;Gallo et al, 1997Marsh et al, 2004). A more effective strategy for improving memory accuracy will likely require consideration of both encoding and test conditions.…”

Section: Encoding-retrieval Manipulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Can test list context manipulations improve recognition accuracy in the DRM paradigm?

Gunter

Ivanko

Bodner

2005

Memory

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Influences Of Encoding and Test Manipulations On The Drm Illmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Encoding-retrieval Manipulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Can test list context manipulations improve recognition accuracy in the DRM paradigm?

Gunter

Ivanko

Bodner

2005

Memory

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“…Research in which the question of whether warnings at retrieval can reduce false recognition has been examined has led to mixed results. Anastasi, Rhodes, and Burns (2000) and Gallo et al (2001) found small but significant reductions in false recognition between participants who were warned before test and those who were not, but Neuschatz, Payne, Lampinen, and Toglia (2001) failed to find a significant difference. These findings suggest that once the lists are encoded, decision processes at retrieval are of little help in reducing false recognition.…”

Section: Warnings In the Drm Paradigmmentioning

confidence: 92%

The effect of warnings on false memories in young and older adults

2002

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In the present experiments , we examined adult age differences in the ability to suppress false memories, using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm (Deese, 1959;Roediger & McDermott, 1995). Participants studied lists of words (e.g., bed, rest, awake, etc.), each related to a nonpresented critical lure word (e.g., sleep). Typically, recognition tests reveal false alarms to critical lures at rates comparable to those for hits for studied words. In two experiments, separate groups of young and older adults were unwarned about the false memory effect, warned before studying the lists, or warned after study and before test. Lists were presented at either a slow rate (4 sec/word) or a faster rate (2 sec/word). Young adults were better able to discriminate between studied words and critical lures when warned about the DRM effect either before study or after study but before retrieval, and their performance improved with a slower presentation rate. Older adults were able to discriminate between studied words and critical lures when given warnings before study, but not when given warnings after study but before retrieval. Performance on a working memory capacity measure predicted false recognition following study and retrieval warnings. The results suggest that effective use of warnings to reduce false memories is contingent on the quality and type of encoded information, as well as on whether that information is accessed at retrieval. Furthermore, discriminating between similar sources of activation is dependent on working memory capacity, which declines with advancing age.

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“…Although substantial false alarm rates generally persist following warnings, they are usually significantly lower than those of unwarned controls (e.g., Gallo, Roberts, & Seamon, 1997;McDermott & Roediger, 1998). Although some evidence indicates that the warning must be delivered before encoding of the study lists for a reduction in false alarms to occur (e.g., Anastasi, Rhodes, & Burns, 2000;Neuschatz, Payne, Lampinen, & Toglia, 2001), other evidence suggests that a warning delivered between study and test can have a beneficial effect as well (e.g., Lane, Roussel, Starns, Villa, & Alonzo, 2008;McCabe & Smith, 2002;Starns et al, 2007). If, as the latter finding suggests, participants benefit from insight into the test design without having such knowledge at study, the use of this information, and the consequent decrease in critical false alarms, must be achievable via processes operating at test.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%