Distinct Th1, Th2 and Treg cytokines balance in chronic periapical granulomas and radicular cysts

Abstract

Periapical granulomas display a regulatory environment characterized by high TGF-beta and low inflammatory cytokine levels, while radicular cysts has mist Th1 and Th2 inflammatory reaction with the presence of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-4.

Immunoexpression of Interleukin 17, Transforming Growth Factor β1, and Forkhead Box P3 in Periapical Granulomas, Radicular Cysts, and Residual Radicular Cysts

“…The analysis of the immunoexpression of TGF-b1 showed significantly higher immunoreactivity in PGs and RCs when compared with RRCs (P < .001). A similar expression of TGF-b1 in PGs and RCs has also been reported in previous studies (8,24,25). However, Fukada et al (26) reported the absence of differences, and Garlet et al (27) showed that TGF-b1 expression was significantly higher in the inactive PGs.…”

“…The reason why TGF-b levels are elevated in periapical lesions is still not clear, but it seems to be associated with the presence of large numbers of cells producing this cytokine, including macrophages, fibroblasts, eosinophils, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and Treg cells (24,25,28). TGF-b has been suggested to be important for periapical healing because this cytokine is known to inhibit bone resorption activity and to promote bone remodeling and tissue repair.…”

Immunohistochemical expression of TGF-β1 and MMP-9 in periapical lesions

“…In addition, no differences were established in the present study between the epithelial thickness of radicular cyst lining and the immunoexpression of TGF-β1 and MMP-9, as corroborated by other authors. 25,26 In this research, the TGF-β1 expression revealed differences between periapical granulomas and radicular cysts, thus corroborating the observation by Marçal et al 27 and Teixeira-Salum et al 28 . Although the data could not confirm any significant association between symptoms and TGF-β1 expression, their descriptive analysis showed that the majority of granulomas were asymptomatic and presented a greater number of cases with higher TGF-β1 scores (score 2).…”

The Role of Chemokines and Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal and Periapical Lesions: Current Concepts

“…TNF- is responsible for cell migration process at multiple levels, inducing the upregulation of adhesion molecules and the production of chemokines, which are chemotactic cytokines involved in cell migration to infected and inflamed sites (Dinarello, 2000, Kindle et al, 2006, Peschon et al, 1998, Wajant et al, 2003. TNF- is present at high levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), diseased periodontal tissues (Garlet et al, 2004, Graves, 2008, Graves & Cochran, 2003, and radicular cysts (Teixeira-Salum et al, 2010), it is positively correlated with MMPs and RANKL expression. Supporting the data from human studies, experimental PD in rats and primates clearly demonstrated that TNF- plays a central role in the inflammatory reaction, alveolar bone resorption and in the loss of connective tissue attachment (Graves, 2008, Graves & Cochran, 2003.…”