Distinct signatures of dental plaque metabolic byproducts dictated by periodontal inflammatory status

Abstract

Onset of chronic periodontitis is associated with an aberrant polymicrobial community, termed dysbiosis. Findings regarding its etiology obtained using high-throughput sequencing technique suggested that dysbiosis holds a conserved metabolic signature as an emergent property. The purpose of this study was to identify robust biomarkers for periodontal inflammation severity. Furthermore, we investigated disease-associated metabolic signatures of periodontal microbiota using a salivary metabolomics approach. Whole saliva samples were obtained from adult subjects before and after removal of supragingival plaque (debridement). Periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) was employed as an indicator of periodontal inflammatory status. Based on multivariate analyses using pre-debridement salivary metabolomics data, we found that metabolites associated with higher PISA included cadaverine and hydrocinnamate, while uric acid and ethanolamine were associated with lower PISA. Next, we focused on dental plaque metabolic byproducts by selecting salivary metabolites significantly decreased following debridement. Metabolite set enrichment analysis revealed that polyamine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, butyric acid metabolism, and lysine degradation were distinctive metabolic signatures of dental plaque in the high PISA group, which may be related to the metabolic signatures of disease-associated communities. Collectively, our findings identified potential biomarkers of periodontal inflammatory status and also provide insight into metabolic signatures of dysbiotic communities.

Proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics and 16S DNA sequencing of dental plaque from patients with diabetes and periodontal disease

“…One metabolite, glycolic acid, was reduced in PD-associated plaques. Comparison of these metabolite changes in PD vs. Pre- DM/DM is shown in Figure 4c ; overall, PD resulted in elevated plaque amino acids, which is consistent with prior studies showing elevated amino acids in saliva of PD patients 20,38,39 .…”

“…In particular, 5-aminovaleric acid, a bacterial-derived metabolite generated during degradation of lysine, was positively correlated with proteins from Selenomonas and Fusobacterium – allowing us to hypothesize that these microbes might produce this metabolite. In general, the association between elevated amino acids and oral pathogens could explain why amino acids are biomarker candidates for PD 38,39 .…”

The Nexus Between Periodontal Inflammation and Dysbiosis

“…Dysbiosis involves multi-directional metabolic crosstalks between subgingival micro-organisms as well as with the host such that transitions in metabolic profiles may be associated with disease progression. Recently, Sakanaka et al (64) using saliva metabolomic data demonstrated that the metabolites cadaverine and hydrocinnamate were associated with severe periodontal inflammation. From metabolite set enrichment analysis they showed that polyamine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, butyric acid metabolism, and lysine degradation were distinctive metabolic signatures of severe disease.…”

Host‐microbe interactions: Profiles in the transcriptome, the proteome, and the metabolome

“…91 The identification of biomarkers to measure the severity of periodontal inflammation and to identify disease-associated metabolic signatures of the periodontal microbiota was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of pre-and postdebridement saliva. 97 The potential association of glioblastoma to periodontal disease was studied using metabolomic analyses. 99 Additionally, this study sought to identify differential metabolite profiles among to deep pocket sites.…”