Distinct neuronal growth hormone receptor ligand specificity in the rat brain

Cortical ablation induces time‐dependent changes in rat pituitary somatotrophs and upregulates growth hormone receptor expression in the injured cortex

“…This study demonstrates increased expression of GHR on neuronal cells after SCA. Thus, at the second day after injury, GHR/MAP2 colocalization was observed on the body of neurons, which is in agreement with Möderscheim et al (), who also confirmed the presence of growth hormone receptor protein on neuronal cell bodies in the rat cortex after HI injury. This pattern of staining remains on day 7 post‐SCA as well.…”

Growth hormone receptor immunoreactivity is increased in the subventricular zone of juvenile rat brain after focal ischemia: A potential role for growth hormone in injury-induced neurogenesis

“…Consistent with a role for GH-R in survival, GH protects both mature neurons [13,26,58] and primary neurospheres derived from embryonic mouse NSCs [59] from death in vitro. Also, the survival of newborn neurons in the subgranular zone of adult rat dentate gyrus is impaired as a result of GH deficiency [24], and elevated GH levels within the hippocampus reduce apoptosis [23].…”

“…This proportion may be lower than that observed using 100 ng/mL if a dose-dependent neurotrophic effect of GH existed. Although we did not examine the effect of GH on the survival of these cells, we have found that rat GH at concentrations of 5 and 10 ng/mL, but not 50 or 100 ng/mL, increased the viability of embryonic cortical neurons cultured for 3 days [13]. It is also possible that concentrations of GH less than 100 ng/mL increased the fraction of cells in the G1-phase of the cell cycle as shown in neuronal hybrid cells [49], but fell below a threshold required for progression of the cells into the S-phase of the cell cycle.…”

“…We have previously shown that during recovery from focal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury, growth hormone (GH) and its receptor are up-regulated in the penumbra and infarcted regions of the cortex [11,12]. This up-regulation is believed to pertain to a role for GH in neuroprotection, as GH enhances the survival of neurons both in vitro [13] and after HI injury in the developing brain [12,14,15].…”

Growth Hormone and Kynesitherapy for Brain Injury Recovery

“…It has been suggested that the GHR may actually play a greater role in the survival, migration or differentiation of neurons generated in response to hypoxia/ischemia than in proliferation (Christophidis et al, 2009). Consistent with a role for GHR in survival, GH protects both mature neurons (Möderscheim et al, 2007;Byts et al, 2008;Silva et al, 2003) and primary neurospheres derived from embryonic mouse NSCs (van Marle et al, 2005) from death in vitro. Also, the survival of newborn neurons in the subgranular zone of adult rat dentate gyrus is impaired as a result of GH deficiency (Lichtenwalner et al, 2006), and elevated GH levels within the hippocampus reduce apoptosis (Sun et al, 2007).…”