“…The vasculature may be divided into several compartments representing, for example, thoracic, abdominal, and more distal vasculatures. Closed-loop models are used to study cardiac and vascular pathophysiology for the whole CV system in the neonate, children, and adult ( 5 , 154 , 155 ) and the effect of aging ( 156 ). Changes or redistribution of blood volume (e.g., by a changed unstressed volume of the veins) can be modeled in a straightforward manner, as well as the effects of autonomic control of the heart and vasculature ( 138 , 151 , 157 ).…”