Abstract:In comparison to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 appears to be more contagious [1], and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients demonstrate varied clinical manifestations distinct from those seen in patients with SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections [2]. Collective results from the clinical and epidemiological observations suggest a distinct viral-host interaction in COVID-19 patients. Profiling of the antibody response during SARS-CoV-2… Show more
“…An early study of 173 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection showed seroconversion in 93% of patient with an average time of 11 days [ 13 ]. Similar results are reported in other serological studies showing high seroconversion rates between 10 and 14 days after symptoms onset [ [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] ]. Antibody response peak between the second and third-week after infection declining afterwards [ 13 , 18 ] and is characterized by the presence of IgA, IgM and IgG in plasma and saliva [ 13 , 14 , 18 , 19 ].…”
Section: Humoral Responses Against Sars-cov-2supporting
The magnitude and the quality of humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 have been associated with clinical outcome. Although the elicitation of humoral responses against different viral proteins is rapid and occurs in most infected individuals, its magnitude is highly variable among them and positively correlates with COVID-19 disease severity. This rapid response is characterized by the almost concomitant appearance of virus-specific IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies that contain neutralizing antibodies directed against different epitopes of the Spike glycoprotein. Of particularly interest, the antibodies against domain of the Spike that interacts with the cellular receptor ACE2, known as the receptor binding domain (RBD), are present in most infected individuals and are block viral entry and infectivity. Such neutralizing antibodies protect different animal species when administered before virus exposure; therefore, its elicitation is the main target of current vaccine approaches and their clinical use as recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is being explored. Yet, little information exists on the duration of humoral responses during natural infection. This is a key issue that will impact the management of the pandemic and determine the utility of seroconversion studies and the level of herd immunity. Certainly, several cases of reinfection have been reported, suggesting that immunity could be transient, as reported for other coronaviruses. In summary, although the kinetics of the generation of antibodies against SASR-CoV-2 and their protective activity have been clearly defined, their role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and the length of these responses are still open questions.
“…An early study of 173 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection showed seroconversion in 93% of patient with an average time of 11 days [ 13 ]. Similar results are reported in other serological studies showing high seroconversion rates between 10 and 14 days after symptoms onset [ [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] ]. Antibody response peak between the second and third-week after infection declining afterwards [ 13 , 18 ] and is characterized by the presence of IgA, IgM and IgG in plasma and saliva [ 13 , 14 , 18 , 19 ].…”
Section: Humoral Responses Against Sars-cov-2supporting
The magnitude and the quality of humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 have been associated with clinical outcome. Although the elicitation of humoral responses against different viral proteins is rapid and occurs in most infected individuals, its magnitude is highly variable among them and positively correlates with COVID-19 disease severity. This rapid response is characterized by the almost concomitant appearance of virus-specific IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies that contain neutralizing antibodies directed against different epitopes of the Spike glycoprotein. Of particularly interest, the antibodies against domain of the Spike that interacts with the cellular receptor ACE2, known as the receptor binding domain (RBD), are present in most infected individuals and are block viral entry and infectivity. Such neutralizing antibodies protect different animal species when administered before virus exposure; therefore, its elicitation is the main target of current vaccine approaches and their clinical use as recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is being explored. Yet, little information exists on the duration of humoral responses during natural infection. This is a key issue that will impact the management of the pandemic and determine the utility of seroconversion studies and the level of herd immunity. Certainly, several cases of reinfection have been reported, suggesting that immunity could be transient, as reported for other coronaviruses. In summary, although the kinetics of the generation of antibodies against SASR-CoV-2 and their protective activity have been clearly defined, their role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and the length of these responses are still open questions.
“…This is not on par with the dynamic regularity of antibodies in other viral infection. Many similar results have reported that the serum antibodies dynamic of this novel virus surprised all of us 17,[21][22][23] .We also found that without breast feeding, the maternal protective effect in infants was rapidly eliminated naturally within two months after birth ( Table 3). It is worth noting that this rate of decline was beyond expectations.…”
At present, there are still many ambiguous reports about the perinatal infection of infants born to mothers infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)1-3. The dynamic characteristics of infantile serum antibodies born to mother with SARS-CoV-2 has not been well described4-6. In this study, we analyzed the seroconversion of 27 newborns born to 26 pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive rate of parturients was 80.8%, and half of their infants obtained maternal IgG. IgG transfer rates were 18.8% and 81.8% in those infants whose mother infected less and more than 2 weeks before delivery respectively. In the first two months of life, the IgG level of infants dropped sharply to one tenth of that at birth. The IgM was confirmed positive in 53.8% of mothers and negative in all infants. These results suggest that maternal IgG has limited protection for infants, which may help us to improve vaccination strategies in future.
“…Systemic IgA responses may play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. 38 Mucosal IgA likely exerts a protective role by preventing SARS-CoV-2 adherence to epithelial cells. Circulatory IgA may also contribute to SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.…”
Section: What Is the Role Of Iga In Sars-cov-2 Infection?mentioning
In December 2019, China reported the first cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This disease, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has developed into a pandemic. To date, it has resulted in ~9 million confirmed cases and caused almost 500 000 related deaths worldwide. Unequivocally, the COVID-19 pandemic is the gravest health and socioeconomic crisis of our time. In this context, numerous questions have emerged in demand of basic scientific information and evidence-based medical advice on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Although the majority of the patients show a very mild, self-limiting viral respiratory disease, many clinical manifestations in severe patients are unique to COVID-19, such as severe lymphopenia and eosinopenia, extensive pneumonia, a "cytokine storm" leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome, endothelitis, | 2505 RIGGIONI et al.
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