Dissociation between the cognitive process and the phenomenological experience of TOT: Effect of the anxiolytic drug lorazepam on TOT states

Bacon, Élisabeth; Schwartz, Bennett L.; Paire‐Ficout, Laurence; Izaute, Marie

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2006.05.001

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In the déjà vu experience, one must consciously reflect on the signals being generated by the memory system, and we assume that this requires a rich network of brain regions and a complex interaction of cognitive processes. For this reason, some authors have described the déjà vu experience as metacognitive (e.g., Arango-Muñoz, 2010; Moulin and Souchay, 2013), in the same way that other authors have described the failure of word retrieval, the tip-of-the-tongue experience as metacognitive (e.g., Bacon et al, 2007). Déjà vu and the tip-of-the-tongue experience both signal information to the experient about the ongoing processes in cognition, what have been called “epistemic feelings” (Arango-Muñoz, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Déjà vu experiences in healthy subjects are unrelated to laboratory tests of recollection and familiarity for word stimuli

O'Connor

Moulin

2013

Front. Psychol.

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Recent neuropsychological and neuroscientific research suggests that people who experience more déjà vu display characteristic patterns in normal recognition memory. We conducted a large individual differences study (n = 206) to test these predictions using recollection and familiarity parameters recovered from a standard memory task. Participants reported déjà vu frequency and a number of its correlates, and completed a recognition memory task analogous to a Remember-Know procedure. The individual difference measures replicated an established correlation between déjà vu frequency and frequency of travel, and recognition performance showed well-established word frequency and accuracy effects. Contrary to predictions, no relationships were found between déjà vu frequency and recollection or familiarity memory parameters from the recognition test. We suggest that déjà vu in the healthy population reflects a mismatch between errant memory signaling and memory monitoring processes not easily characterized by standard recognition memory task performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Déjà vu experiences in healthy subjects are unrelated to laboratory tests of recollection and familiarity for word stimuli

O'Connor

Moulin

2013

Front. Psychol.

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“…The finding that triazolam did not impair semantic memory replicates results of another study in our laboratory that examined triazolam using the same task (Mintzer, Kleykamp, & Griffiths, 2008). However, it should be noted that Bacon and colleagues have found impairment with the benzodiazepine lorazepam in several studies with a similar general information task (Bacon et al, 1998, 2007; Massin-Krauss et al, 2002). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In addition, some aspects of cognition, such as semantic memory (conscious long term memory that is not associated with a specific spatial or temporal context; i.e., knowledge of the world; Baddeley, 1999) have yet to be examined in a study directly comparing benzodiazepines and alcohol. A review of research that has examined the effect of either benzodiazepines or alcohol on semantic memory provides little clarity on their relative effects: some studies suggest that both drugs impair performance (Bacon et al, 1998, Bacon, Schwartz, Paire-Ficout, & Izaute, 2007; Brown, Brown, & Bowes, 1983, Massin-Kraus et al, 2002; Nelson et al, 1986; Wendt & Risberg, 2001) and others suggest null effects (Curran, 1991; 1999; Tiplady et al, 2004; Weingartner et al, 1993). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose effects of triazolam and alcohol on cognitive performance in healthy volunteers.

Kleykamp¹,

Griffiths²,

Mintzer³

2010

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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Benzodiazepines and alcohol are widely used psychoactive substances that have performance-impairing effects. Research suggests that the impairment profiles for benzodiazepines and alcohol differ, though few cognitive psychopharmacological studies have directly compared these drugs. This double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, repeated measures study directly compared the acute dose effects of triazolam (0.125 mg, 0.25 mg/70 kg) and alcohol (0.40 g, 0.80 g/kg) in 20 social drinkers. At doses that produced comparable psychomotor impairment, triazolam was more likely to impair several objective measures of cognitive performance (e.g., episodic memory, divided attention) and to slow performance across several measures. However, only alcohol impaired accuracy on the digit symbol substitution and semantic memory tasks. In addition to objective measures, both drugs impaired awareness of performance impairments (i.e., metacognition) such that participants over-estimated impairment, and the magnitude of this effect was generally larger for alcohol. Only triazolam impaired other measures of metacognition (e.g., error detection on a choice reaction time task). Future research might examine the clinical implications of the performance impairments reported here given the widespread use of benzodiazepines and alcohol.

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“…We define tip-of-thetongue states (henceforth, TOTs) as the conscious feeling that accompanies or reflects upon the cognitive process of retrieval when an item that a person is trying to retrieve is temporarily inaccessible. The TOT entails two components: a basic level-the cognitive level-which is the act of trying to retrieve from memory, and a higher level-the metacognitive level-which is the commentary or reflection upon the cognitive level (Bacon, Schwartz, Paire-Ficout, & Izaute, 2007). At the higher metacognitive level are conscious feelings: We are aware of this high-level reflection when we experience a TOT.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states: retrieval, behavior, and experience

2011

Self Cite

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The tip-of-the-tongue state (TOT) is the feeling that accompanies temporary inaccessibility of an item that a person is trying to retrieve. TOTs have been studied experimentally since the seminal work of Brown and McNeill (1966). TOTs are experiences that accompany some failed or slow retrievals, and they can result in changes in retrieval behavior itself, allowing us to study the interplay among experience, retrieval, and behavior. We often attribute the experience of the TOT to the unretrieved target, but TOTs are based on a variety of cues, heuristics, or sources of evidence, such as partial information, related information, and cue familiarity, that predict the likelihood of overcoming retrieval failure. We present a synthesis of the direct-access view, which accounts for retrieval failure, and the heuristic-metacognitive view, which accounts for the experience of the TOT. We offer several avenues for future research and applications of TOT theory and data.Keywords Tip-of-the-tongue states . Metamemory . Metacognition . Retrieval . Lexical retrieval As if waiting always for another word-"at the tip of the tongue" we say, one thinks of all the places tongues have been and what they learned there, names.-Robert Kelly (2009), "The Will of Achilles"The poet Robert Kelly expressed in this poem an experience most of us have shared-that is, the strong feeling that we know something that we cannot recall at the moment, usually referred to as a tip-of-the-tongue state. We define tip-of-thetongue states (henceforth, TOTs) as the conscious feeling that accompanies or reflects upon the cognitive process of retrieval when an item that a person is trying to retrieve is temporarily inaccessible. The TOT entails two components: a basic level-the cognitive level-which is the act of trying to retrieve from memory, and a higher level-the metacognitive level-which is the commentary or reflection upon the cognitive level (Bacon, Schwartz, Paire-Ficout, & Izaute, 2007). At the higher metacognitive level are conscious feelings: We are aware of this high-level reflection when we experience a TOT. At the lower cognitive level is the attempt to retrieve a missing item from memory. That is, TOTs have content: We feel we are about to be able to recall the item, although we cannot do so right now. Indeed, a TOT may be thought of as a premonition of possible retrieval success, rather than an experience of retrieval failure. Our focus will be on the TOT as a metacognitive experience.This two-part definition connects TOTs to fundamental issues in the study of human psychology-namely how experience, cognition, and behavior are related-dating back to the earliest concerns in psychology (Tulving, 1989; see Costall, 2006;Woodworth, 1931). Introspectionists were interested in the nature of consciousness, but foundered, not only on the replicability of their results, but also on the relation of these results to observable behavior (cf. Costall, 2006). TOTs are conscious experiences but, unlike those studied by the early introspectionis...

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Dissociation between the cognitive process and the phenomenological experience of TOT: Effect of the anxiolytic drug lorazepam on TOT states

Cited by 17 publications

References 43 publications

Déjà vu experiences in healthy subjects are unrelated to laboratory tests of recollection and familiarity for word stimuli

Déjà vu experiences in healthy subjects are unrelated to laboratory tests of recollection and familiarity for word stimuli

Dose effects of triazolam and alcohol on cognitive performance in healthy volunteers.

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states: retrieval, behavior, and experience

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