Dissociating explicit timing from temporal expectation with fMRI

Coull, Jennifer T.; Nobre, Anna C.

doi:10.1016/j.conb.2008.07.011

Cited by 480 publications

(510 citation statements)

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“…It has been previously documented that the ability to determine whether the final part of an action sequence belonged 354 (or not) to the same action interrupted by an occluder is mediated by implicit timing skills, as this comparison requires 355 the temporal predictability of perceptual input (Coull & Nobre, 2008). 356…”

Section: Identification Task 353mentioning

confidence: 99%

Do experts see it in slow motion? Altered timing of action simulation uncovers domain-specific perceptual processing in expert athletes

Vicario

Makris

Urgesi

2016

Psychological Research

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Abstract:Accurate encoding of the spatio-temporal properties of others' actions is essential for the successful implementation of daily activities and, even more, for successful sportive performance, given its role in movement coordination and action anticipation.Here we investigated whether athletes are provided with special perceptual processing of spatio-temporal properties of familiar sportive actions. Basketball and volleyball players and novices were presented with short video-clips of free basketball throws that were partially occluded ahead of realization and were asked to judge whether a subsequently presented pose was either taken from the same throw depicted in the occluded video (action identification task) or temporally congruent with the expected course of the action during the occlusion period (explicit timing task). Results showed that basketball players outperformed the other groups in detecting action compatibility when the pose depicted earlier or synchronous, but not later phases of the movement as compared to the natural course of the action during occlusion. No difference was obtained for explicit estimations of timing compatibility. This leads us to argue that the timing of simulated actions in the experts might be slower than that of perceived actions ("slow-motion" bias), allowing for more detailed representation of ongoing actions and refined prediction abilities.Response to Reviewers: Dear Dr Vicario, Thank you for the submission of your manuscript "Do experts see it in slow motion? Altered timing of action simulation uncovers domain-specific perceptual processing in expert athletes" to Psychological Research and for your patience in awaiting our decision. I was waiting for one more review, but today decided that I could work with what I hold in hands because we have received the reports from two advisers on your manuscript.Based on the advice received and my own reading of your manuscript, I feel that your manuscript could be reconsidered for publication should you be prepared to incorporate major revisions. YOU ARE KINDLY REQUESTED TO ALSO CHECK THE Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation WEBSITE FOR POSSIBLE REVIEWER ATTACHMENTS!In additon to the comments of the reviewers, you should also please the following conerns that I had when reading your manuscript:1. p. 4. What is a "pavement phase"? # We are sorry for this misspelling. We meant "movement phase". # The paradigm adopted in the implicit task was taken from the occluder paradigm, which we discuss in the introduction section. Indeed, in this task, the manipulation of temporal congruency is orthogonal to the task at hand (e.g., discriminating if the test pose was taken from the same throw of the interrupted video clip), but it still affects performance. This way, it provides an implicit measure of the temporal properties of the simulation processes used to match the stimuli. We have tried to further clarify this issue in the introduction and through the text.. #We used a standard adapt...

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Section: Identification Task 353mentioning

confidence: 99%

Do experts see it in slow motion? Altered timing of action simulation uncovers domain-specific perceptual processing in expert athletes

Vicario

Makris

Urgesi

2016

Psychological Research

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“…Recent studies indicate that temporal processing may not be centralized in one single brain structure but rather occurs across different specialized areas [6][7][8]. Temporal prediction can be induced by stimuli or events and also by the passing of time itself [9]. This fact is characterized by the 'hazard function', defined as the conditional probability that an event will occur given that it has not yet occurred [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing in reward and decision processes

Bermúdez

Schultz

2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Sensitivity to time, including the time of reward, guides the behaviour of all organisms. Recent research suggests that all major reward structures of the brain process the time of reward occurrence, including midbrain dopamine neurons, striatum, frontal cortex and amygdala. Neuronal reward responses in dopamine neurons, striatum and frontal cortex show temporal discounting of reward value. The prediction error signal of dopamine neurons includes the predicted time of rewards. Neurons in the striatum, frontal cortex and amygdala show responses to reward delivery and activities anticipating rewards that are sensitive to the predicted time of reward and the instantaneous reward probability. Together these data suggest that internal timing processes have several well characterized effects on neuronal reward processing.

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“…More directly, implicit timing can be conceptualized as a critical component of classical conditioning and other stimulus/response association processes such as implicit learning and automatic behavior. However, implicit timing or timing without awareness has been difficult to characterize in experimental settings, especially in animal studies, and its neural correlates remain poorly understood (5). One system that has long been implicated in event timing is the olivocerebellar system, which originates exclusively in the inferior olive (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In the few imaging and lesion studies in humans that specifically addressed the cerebellar contribution to implicit timing, the term "implicit timing" has not been strictly defined as timing without awareness (5,(17)(18)(19)(20). These studies produced conflicting results and did not dissociate the role of the inferior olive and climbing fibers from that of mossy fibers (5,(17)(18)(19)(20).By using event-related functional MRI (fMRI) and a perceptual task that dissociates the temporal from nontemporal attributes of sensory input, we have shown inferior olive activation when subjects perceived unexpected changes in the timing but not the spatial orientation or color of visual stimuli (21). The results were consistent with the enhanced response of the inferior olive and climbing fiber system to unexpected sensory input consistently shown in electrophysiological studies, and further indicated that the inferior olive response to unexpected stimuli is specific to timing (22,23).…”

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confidence: 99%

Role of olivocerebellar system in timing without awareness

Ashe²,

Bushara

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The timing of events can be implicit or without awareness yet critical for task performance. However, the neural correlates of implicit timing are unknown. One system that has long been implicated in event timing is the olivocerebellar system, which originates exclusively from the inferior olive. By using event-related functional MRI in human subjects and a specially designed behavioral task, we examined the effect of the subjects' awareness of changes in stimulus timing on the olivocerebellar system response. Subjects were scanned while observing changes in stimulus timing that were presented near each subject's detection threshold such that subjects were aware of such changes in only approximately half the trials. The inferior olive and multiple areas within the cerebellar cortex showed a robust response to time changes regardless of whether the subjects were aware of these changes. Our findings provide support to the proposed role of the olivocerebellar system in encoding temporal information and further suggest that this system can operate independently of awareness and mediate implicit timing in a multitude of perceptual and motor operations, including classical conditioning and implicit learning.cerebellum | visual E ncoding the timing of events is an inherent component of perceptual and motor tasks. Such timing can be implicit or without the subject's awareness yet important for performance regardless of the goal of the task. For example, when throwing a ball at a target, the spatial accuracy relies, at least partially, on precise motor timing; however, subjects may not be explicitly aware of the timing of individual components of this complex multijoint movement (1, 2). Similarly, subjects may improve the speed and accuracy of performing a perceptual task by implicitly using temporal information to predict the timing of sensory stimuli (i.e., temporal expectancy) (3, 4). More directly, implicit timing can be conceptualized as a critical component of classical conditioning and other stimulus/response association processes such as implicit learning and automatic behavior. However, implicit timing or timing without awareness has been difficult to characterize in experimental settings, especially in animal studies, and its neural correlates remain poorly understood (5). One system that has long been implicated in event timing is the olivocerebellar system, which originates exclusively in the inferior olive (6-12). Whether the olivocerebellar system mediates timing without awareness has not been demonstrated directly to our knowledge. However, the capacity of the inferior olive and the climbing fiber system to encode temporal information independently of awareness is supported by indirect evidence from classical conditioning and single cell recording literature (10)(11)(13)(14)(15)(16). In the few imaging and lesion studies in humans that specifically addressed the cerebellar contribution to implicit timing, the term "implicit timing" has not been strictly defined as timing without awareness (5,(17)(18)(19)(2...

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Dissociating explicit timing from temporal expectation with fMRI

Cited by 480 publications

References 60 publications

Do experts see it in slow motion? Altered timing of action simulation uncovers domain-specific perceptual processing in expert athletes

Do experts see it in slow motion? Altered timing of action simulation uncovers domain-specific perceptual processing in expert athletes

Timing in reward and decision processes

Role of olivocerebellar system in timing without awareness

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