Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation

Walker, Matthew P.; Brakefield, Tiffany; Hobson, J. Allan; Stickgold, Robert

doi:10.1038/nature01930

Cited by 906 publications

(1,004 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…These effects within the first few hours are consistent with the neuroscience of memory, which indicates that memory remains susceptible to interference after initial encoding (e.g. initial viewing of a trauma film) while the memory trace continues to consolidate into LTM with up to 6 h of delay (Nader, 2003; Walker, Brakefield, Hobson, & Stickgold, 2003). Emerging research suggests that during this post‐encoding period, newly acquired memory traces spontaneously reactivate or ‘replay’, promoting its gradual and persistent consolidation into LTM (Staresina, Alink, Kriegeskorte, & Henson, 2013).…”

supporting

confidence: 70%

“…Interestingly, the memory reconsolidation literature suggests that even established memories become labile again upon reactivation from LTM and need to re‐stabilize and reconsolidate to persist (Nader, 2003; Nader, Schafe, & Le Doux, 2000; Walker et al, 2003). Therefore, the effects of Tetris on intrusive memories could be observed after any length of post‐encoding delay in principle, as long as the memory is labile and thus amenable to interference, for example, as has been tested 24 h or more after encoding (James et al, 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Selective Association Between Tetris Game Play and Visuospatial Working Memory: A Preliminary Investigation

Lau‐Zhu

Holmes

Butterfield

et al. 2017

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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SummaryRecent experimental and clinical research has suggested that Tetris game play can disrupt maladaptive forms of mental imagery because Tetris competes for limited cognitive resources within visuospatial working memory (WM) that contribute to imagery. Whether or not Tetris performance is selectively associated with visuospatial WM remains to be tested. In this study, young adults (N = 46) completed six standardized measures indexing verbal and non‐verbal reasoning, verbal and visuospatial short‐term memory, and verbal and visuospatial WM. They also played Tetris. Consistent with the hypothesis that visuospatial WM resources support Tetris game play, there was a significant moderate positive relationship between Tetris scores and visuospatial WM performance but no association with other cognitive ability measures. Findings suggest that Tetris game play involves both storage and processing resources within visuospatial WM. These preliminary results can inform interventions involving computer games to disrupt the development of maladaptive visual imagery, for example, intrusive memories of trauma. © 2017 The Authors. Applied Cognitive Psychology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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confidence: 70%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Association Between Tetris Game Play and Visuospatial Working Memory: A Preliminary Investigation

Lau‐Zhu

Holmes

Butterfield

et al. 2017

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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“…Müller & Pilzecker, 1900; Nadel, Hupbach, Gomez, & Newman-Smith, 2012). This consolidation period takes up to six hours (Nader, 2003) and during this period the memory trace is still labile and vulnerable to interference (Nader, 2003; Walker, Brakefield, Hobson, & Stickgold, 2003). It has been proposed that tasks taxing the working memory (WM) shortly after initial learning (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and testing of TraumaGameplay: an iterative experimental approach using the trauma film paradigm

Asselbergs

Sijbrandij

Hoogendoorn³

et al. 2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: Vivid trauma-related intrusions are a hallmark symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and may be involved in its onset. Effective interventions to reduce intrusions and to potentially prevent the onset of subsequent PTSD are scarce. Studies suggest that playing the videogame Tetris, shortly after watching aversive film clips, reduces subsequent intrusions. Other studies have shown that taxing working memory (WM) while retrieving an emotional memory reduces the memory’s vividness and emotionality. Objective: We developed TraumaGameplay (TGP), a gaming app designed to reduce intrusions. This paper describes two successive experiments to determine whether playing TGP without memory retrieval (regular TGP) or TGP with memory retrieval (dual-task TGP) reduces intrusion frequency at one week compared to a no-game control. Method: For both experiments, healthy university students were recruited. Experiment 1: 92 participants were exposed to a trauma film and randomized to (1) regular TGP1 (n = 31), (2) dual-task TGP1 (n = 31) or (3) control (n = 30). In experiment 2, 120 healthy students were exposed to a trauma film and randomized to (1) regular TGP2 (n = 30), (2) dual-task TGP2 (n = 29), (3) recall only (n = 31) or (4) control (n = 30). Results: We found no significant difference between conditions on the number of intrusions for either playing regular TGP or dual-task TGP in both experiment 1 and experiment 2. Conclusion: Our results could not replicate earlier promising findings from preceding experimental research. Several reasons may underpin this difference ranging from the visuospatial videogame used in our experiments to the method of the experiment to the difficulties of replicability in general.

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“…Memories are malleable during the consolidation phase, which is thought to end after approximately six hours (Nader, 2003; Walker, Brakefield, Hobson, & Stickgold, 2003). The memory is then proposed to be stable, i.e.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetris and Word games lead to fewer intrusive memories when applied several days after analogue trauma

Hagenaars

Holmes

Klaassen

et al. 2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: Intrusive trauma memories are a key symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), so disrupting their recurrence is highly important. Intrusion development was hindered by visuospatial interventions administered up to 24 hours after analogue trauma. It is unknown whether interventions can be applied later, and whether modality or working-memory load are crucial factors. Objectives: This study tested: (1) whether a visuospatial task would lead to fewer intrusions compared to a reactivation-only group when applied after memory reactivation four days after analogue trauma exposure (extended replication), (2) whether both tasks (i.e. one aimed to be visuospatial, one more verbal) would lead to fewer intrusions than the reactivation-only group (intervention effect), and (3) whether supposed task modality (visuospatial or verbal) is a critical component (modality effect). Method: Fifty-four participants were randomly assigned to reactivation+Tetris (visuospatial), reactivation+Word games (verbal), or reactivation-only (no task). They watched an aversive film (day 0) and recorded intrusive memories of the film in diary A. On day 4, memory was reactivated, after which participants played Tetris, Word games, or had no task for 10 minutes. They then kept a second diary (B). Informative hypotheses were evaluated using Bayes factors. Results: Reactivation+Tetris and reactivation+Word games resulted in relatively fewer intrusions from the last day of diary A to the first day of diary B than reactivation-only (objective 1 and 2). Thus, both tasks were effective even when applied days after analogue trauma. Reactivation-only was not effective. Reactivation+Word games appeared to result in fewer intrusions than reactivation+Tetris (objective 3; modality effect), but this evidence was weak. Explorative analyses showed that Word games were more difficult than Tetris. Conclusions: Applying a task four days after the trauma film (during memory reconsolidation) was effective. The modality versus working-memory load issue is inconclusive.

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Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation

Cited by 906 publications

References 19 publications

Selective Association Between Tetris Game Play and Visuospatial Working Memory: A Preliminary Investigation

Selective Association Between Tetris Game Play and Visuospatial Working Memory: A Preliminary Investigation

Development and testing of TraumaGameplay: an iterative experimental approach using the trauma film paradigm

Tetris and Word games lead to fewer intrusive memories when applied several days after analogue trauma

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