Dissociable Executive Functions in the Dynamic Control of Behavior: Inhibition, Error Detection, and Correction

Garavan, Hugh; Ross, Thomas J.; Murphy, Kevin; Roche, Richard; Stein, Elliot A.

doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1326

Cited by 881 publications

(741 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The ACC system has been implicated in relatively faster and urgent inhibition, whereas the frontal-parietal system is involved in more deliberate and controlled inhibition (Garavan et al, 2002). Our results in the healthy controls support the segregation of these prefrontal regions in executive control by showing regional specificity in activation patterns to targets following sad distraction across the left ACC/insula and the right IFG/bilateral MFG.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Prefrontal mechanisms for executive control over emotional distraction are altered in major depression

Wang

LaBar

Smoski

et al. 2008

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging

182

140

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A dysfunction in the interaction between executive function and mood regulation has been proposed as the pathophysiology of depression. However few studies have investigated the alteration in brain systems related to executive control over emotional distraction in depression. To address this issue, 19 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 20 healthy controls were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants performed an emotional oddball task in which infrequently presented circle targets required detection while sad and neutral pictures were irrelevant novel distractors. Hemodynamic responses were compared for targets, sad distractors, and for targets that followed sad or neutral distractors (Target-after-Sad and Target-after-Neutral). Patients with MDD revealed attenuated activation overall to targets in executive brain regions. MDD patients were also slower behaviorally in response to Target-after-Sad than Target-after-Neutral. Patients also revealed a reversed activation pattern from controls in the left anterior cingulate, insula, right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and bilateral middle frontal gyrus. Those patients who engaged the right IFG more during Target-after-Sad than Target-after-Neutral responded faster to targets, confirming a role of this region in coping with emotional distraction. The results provide direct evidence of the alteration in neural systems that interplay cognition with mood in MDD. (198 words) Keywords event-related fMRI; interaction of executive function and emotion; anterior cingulate cortex; inferior frontal cortex

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Prefrontal mechanisms for executive control over emotional distraction are altered in major depression

Wang

LaBar

Smoski

et al. 2008

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging

182

140

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Despite a decline in performance, participants were able to successfully inhibit a prepotent response on the majority of No-go trials, and during these inhibitions activation was seen in prefrontal, parietal (predominantly right hemisphere), midline (ACC and pre-SMA), and subcortical regions, consistent with the findings of previous Go/No-go tasks (de Zubicaray et al, 2000;Garavan et al, 2002;Konishi et al, 1999;Liddle et al, 2001;Rubia et al, 2003;Watanabe et al, 2002). Given this performance, we examined further how this network of regions successfully responded to increasing WM demand.…”

Section: Interactions Between Working Memory and Inhibitionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Successfully withholding a response to the No-go trials is argued to represent inhibitory control over a prepotent response, typically resulting in activation of prefrontal, parietal (predominantly right hemisphere), and midline (ACC and pre-SMA) regions (de Zubicaray et al, 2000;Garavan et al, 2002;Konishi et al, 1999;Liddle et al, 2001;Rubia et al, 2003;Watanabe et al, 2002). In line with previous behavioral studies, we predicted that increasing WM load would negatively influence inhibitory performance; however, it was unclear from previous literature what influence WM load would have on this event-related inhibitory activation response.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Beyond common resources: the cortical basis for resolving task interference

2004

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Recent studies have suggested that declining inhibitory control observed during simultaneous increases in working memory (WM) demands may be due to sharing common neural resources, although it is relatively unclear how these processes are successfully combined at a neural level. Event-related functional MRI was used to examine task performance that required inhibition of varying numbers of items held in WM. Common activation regions for WM and inhibition were observed and this functional overlap may constitute the cortical basis for task interference. However, maintaining successful inhibitory control under increasing WM demands tended not to increase activation in these overlapping regions as might be expected if these common areas reflect common resources essential for task performance. Instead, increased activation was observed predominantly in unique, inhibition-specific regions including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The finding that successfully maintaining weaker stimulus -response relationships in the face of competition from stronger, prepotent responses requires greater activity in these regions reveals the means by which the brain resolves task interference and supports theories of how top-down attentional control is implemented. D

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“…The cingulate gyrus, an inhibitory brain region (76), was consistently activated during control task periods in all 3 paradigms in this investigation. A possible interpretation of the decreased negative activation in the childhoodonset SLE patients would be that there is less suppression of brain activity during the control tasks of the paradigms.…”

Section: Fmri In Childhood-onset Sle 4159mentioning

confidence: 55%

Functional magnetic resonance imaging assessment of cognitive function in childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus: A pilot study

DiFrancesco

Holland

Ris

et al. 2007

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Objective. To investigate changes in brain activation patterns detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and the relationship between FMRI activation patterns and results of formal neuropsychological testing, in patients with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods. Ten patients with childhood-onset SLE underwent formal neuropsychological testing and FMRI using 3 paradigms: a continuous performance task (CPT) to evaluate attention, an N-Back task to assess working memory, and verb generation to evaluate language processing. Composite Z maps were generated to summarize the brain activation patterns for each FMRI paradigm in patients with childhood-onset SLE and to compare these patterns with those observed in healthy controls. Between-group comparison Z maps showing differences in activation between childhood-onset SLE patients and controls were generated, using a significance level of P < 0.05 in a general linear model.Results. Compared with the control group, the childhood-onset SLE group showed statistically significant increased activation of brain areas involved in the CPT, N-Back, and verb generation tasks. In contrast, in the absence of active stimulus, e.g., during times of the paradigm control tasks, childhood-onset SLE patients consistently undersuppressed activity in the expected brain areas. Activation in selected cortical areas was found to correlate negatively with results of a subset of individual neuropsychological test scores.Conclusion. FMRI abnormalities are present in childhood-onset SLE, manifesting as an imbalance between active and inhibitory responses to an array of stimuli. Differences in brain activation patterns compared with those observed in controls suggest that childhood-onset SLE may be associated with abnormalities in white matter connectivity resulting in neuronal network dysfunction, rather than injury of specific gray matter areas.Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is among the most severe pediatric rheumatic diseases ("pediatric" defined as onset prior to age 16). Often diagnosed in US females of minority populations, SLE is associated with significant morbidity and at least 10 times higher mortality than that of the age-matched general population (1). The reported prevalence of neuropsychiatric involvement in SLE (NPSLE) varies between 15% and 95% (2,3), and children with SLE tend to exhibit a more severe phenotype than adults (4).

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Dissociable Executive Functions in the Dynamic Control of Behavior: Inhibition, Error Detection, and Correction

Cited by 881 publications

References 45 publications

Prefrontal mechanisms for executive control over emotional distraction are altered in major depression

Prefrontal mechanisms for executive control over emotional distraction are altered in major depression

Beyond common resources: the cortical basis for resolving task interference

Functional magnetic resonance imaging assessment of cognitive function in childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus: A pilot study

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