Dissipation Dynamics and Residue of Four Herbicides in Paddy Fields Using HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS

Abstract

The dissipation dynamics and residue of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, bensulfuron-methyl, acetochlor, and butachlor in paddy fields at Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) condition were carefully investigated in this study. The four herbicides’ residues were determined based on a quick, easy, cheap, rugged, safe (QuEChERS) method coupled with HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS. The limit of detection (LOD) for pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, bensulfuron-methyl, acetochlor, and butachlor in all matrices ranged from 0.04–1.0 ng. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the four herbicides ranged from 0.01–0.1 mg/kg. Moreover, the average recoveries of the four herbicides ranged from 78.9–108% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 15% at three different fortified levels for different matrices. The dissipation results indicated that the average half-lives (t1/2) of the four herbicides in soil were in the range of 3.5–17.8 days, and more than 95% of the four herbicides dissipated within 5 days in water. Furthermore, the final residues of the four herbicides were all below the LOQ at harvest time. Such results highlight the dissipation dynamics and residue of the four herbicides in a rice cropping system and contribute to risk assessment as well as scientific guidance on the proper and safe application of herbicides in paddy fields.

Selective and Sensitive Quantification of Acetochlor and S-Metolachlor in Maize and Soybean Plant Samples by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

“…Major breakdown processes under natural conditions depend on physicalchemical properties of the herbicides and soil pH and properties, moisture and microorganisms. The maize and soybean crops were grown in Romania under temperate conditions, and the straws were allowed to dry in the field after reaching maturity, which may be the reason for low residues [4,35]. The concentrations of anilide herbicides in plant samples were comparable to those of other field studies [20,28].…”

“…To obtain the expected yield, the losses related to pests, insects and disease are managed using chemicals pesticides, which inevitably leads to residues in the environment [2]. Acetochlor and s-metolachlor are highly efficient and long-lasting pre-emergent herbicides applied to maize or soybean crops to control a wide range of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds [3,4]. Both are systemic herbicides absorbed mainly by shoots and roots of germinating weeds and then translocated to the foliage.…”

“…Both are systemic herbicides absorbed mainly by shoots and roots of germinating weeds and then translocated to the foliage. The mode of action of these herbicides is via inhibition of cell division and elongation in plants due to the interference with a number of enzymes [4]. Because of their strong herbicidal activities, there are already 654 types of commercially available acetochlor products and approximately 4.2% of the global s-metolachlor herbicide usage is in Europe [5,6].…”

Herbicide Residues in Agroecosystems: Fate, Detection, and Effect on Non-Target Plants

“…There are some different analytical methods for detecting herbicide residues in the environment. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [68,69], gas chromatography (GC) [70], thin-layer chromatography (TLC) [71], high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) [72], gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [73], high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) [74], and capillary electrophoresis [75] are from essential and commonly used analytical methods herbicide residues evaluating studies in soil. Successful detection of herbicide residues from different media has been reported using analytical methods [76,77].…”

Switchable hydrophilic solvent‐based dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography for the determination of four types of sulfonylurea herbicides in soils

“…Several analytical methods such as HPLC-UV [4][5], HPLC with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) [6][7], HPLC-MS/MS [8], UHPLC-MS/MS [9], GC [10], and GC-MS [11] have been reported for detection of sulfonylurea herbicide residues. Polar characteristics, low volatility, and thermal instability of some sulfonylurea herbicides prevent their direct analysis by GC.…”