Dissipation and Residue of Forchlorfenuron in Citrus Fruits

Abstract

Field trials were carried out in three provinces of China to study the dissipation and residue of forchlorfenuron in citrus fruits. The results had shown that the degradation rate of forchlorfenuron in citrus fruits followed the first-order kinetics equation C = A∙eBt. The half-lives of forchlorfenuron were 15.8-23.0 days, the final residues of forchlorfenuron in pulp were all ≤0.002 mg/kg, and most of the residues were concentrated in the peel. The risk assessment revealed that no significant potential health risk would be induced by forchlorfenuron in citrus fruits. Therefore, it could be safe to apply forchlorfenuron in citrus fruits, and the results of this study could also be regarded as a reference to the setting of maximum residue limit for forchlorfenuron in citrus fruits in China.

CPPU treatment and pollination: Their combined effect on kiwifruit growth and quality

“…These results are in agreement with results for CPPU dissipation from grapes and citrus (Ugare et al, 2013;Chen et al, 2013), although the half life values varied among different crops (Chen et al, 2013). This variation among different crops may be attributed to differences in physical and/or chemical properties of the tissues, such as growth dilution factor, water content and acid-base ratio (Chen et al, 2013). Growth dilution factor is probably crucial also for CPPU dissipation rate detected in the present study.…”

“…Analytical methods including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) and liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS) were used to determine CPPU residues in different matrices (Kobayashi et al, 2007;Valverde et al, 2007). Previous studies have also investigated its dissipation in various fruits and vegetables (Chen et al, 2013;Negre et al, 2014). However, no research had been done to investigate the dissipation of CPPU and its residual levels in kiwifruits applied under different pollination status.…”

Proteomic Response and Quality Maintenance in Postharvest Fruit of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) to Exogenous Cytokinin

“…Previous research demonstrated that the half-life of CPPU was 15.8–23.0 d in citrus21, 11.6–23.1 d in grape22, and 1.2–1.7 d in watermelon23. The differences in half-life among crops can be attributed to the physicochemical properties of plants, such as water content, acid/base characteristics, weather conditions as well as the potential degradation or biosynthesis by enzymes in fruits, such as cytokinin oxidase or cytokinin dehydrogenase.…”

The degradation of forchlorfenuron in the model kiwifruit juice by ultrasonic treatment

“…To increase the productivity of crops and profit, plant growth regulators (PGR) were applied, such as promoting growth, rooting, falling flowers, fruits, ripening or shedding. Forchlorfenuron (1‐(2‐chloro‐4‐pyridyl)‐3‐phenylurea), one of the most widely used PGR of kiwifruit cultivation and protection, with low toxicity to human and livestock, extensive use can cause acute and chronic poisoning and irritation to the eyes and skin (Chen, Jiao et al, ; Zhang et al, ). Up to now, CPPU has been registered in many countries, the allowed residual levels for it were range from 10 to 100 µg/kg (Valverde, Aguilera, & Ferrer, ).…”